Final Exam Study Guide
Unit 1
1. Which Latin word do we get the English word for science?
2. What two things is science based upon?
3. What are the six steps of the Scientific Method?
4. What is the difference between a variable and a control?
5. What are the two different types of variables?
6. What are the eight characteristics that all living things share?
7. What are the twelve levels of organization within science?
8. Who is known as "The Father of Microscopy"?
9. What are the two main classifications in which all microscopes would fall?
10. What are the three systems that comprise all Compund Light Microscopes?
Unit 2
11. What is matter?
12. How many naturally occuring elements are there in nature?
13. Which six elements comprise 98% of the body weight of all organisms?
14. What are the three subatomic particles and what are their charges?
15. What is an isotope?
16. What are the two major types of bonds that form between atoms?
17. Which type of chemical bond is the strongest?
18. Which type of chemical bond does not result in ionic charges?
19. What is difference between a Polar Covalent Bond & a Non-Polar Covalent Bond?
20. What are the five special properties of water?
Unit 3
21. What element do all organic compounds have in common?
22. What are the four macromolecules?
23. What are the monomer's for each of these macromolecules?
24. What are the three forms of carbohydrates?
25. What are three examples of lipids?
26. What are the six functions of lipids?
27. How many different amino acids form proteins?
28. What are the six functions of proteins?
29. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
30. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Unit 4
31. Who was the first person to discover cells?
32. Who were the three scientist whose combined efforts lead to the development of the cell
theory?
33. The last point of the cell theory disproved which competing theory that attempted to
explain from organisms came?
34. What two processes have we now discovered which now support the last point of the cell
theory?
35. Which living part of the cell controls what enters or leaves the cell?
36. Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic & which is hydrophilic?
37. What are the two main forms of cellular transport & what are the different forms of each?
38. What are the two major classifications in which all cells are classified?
39. Which organelles are present in animal cells, but not plant cells? Which organelles are
present in plant cells, but not animal cells?
40. What are the two forms in which DNA exists inside the nucleus?
Unit 5
41. What is the photosynthetic equation?
42. In what type of organism does photosynthesis occur, where in the cell, & what is the final
product?
43. What are the two types of chlorophyll?
44. What are the two major parts of the Light Dependent Reaction?
45. What are the three products of the Light Dependent Reaction and what happens to the gas
product?
46. What powers the Light Dependent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)?
47. How many turns of the Calvin Cycle doe it take to produce glucose, and how many ATP
and NADPH does it require?
48. Which alternative process to photosynthesis occurs in producers on hot, dry, bright days?
49. Which part of a plant cell opens or closes to allow gas exchange?
50. During which part of the day are they closed?
Unit 6
51. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
52. Where in the cell does cellular respiration occur?
53. Energy from is used to make which form of energy that the cell uses for all cellular
proceses?
54. What is the first step in cellular respiration?
55. The presence of which molecule determines which process occurs next after the initial
step of cellular respiration?
56. What are the two options for the anaerobic pathway, and what determines which
pathways to follow?
57. How many total ATP does the anaerobic pathway yield?
58. Which steps follow once pyruvic acid enters the aerobic pathway, and how many ATP
does the pathway yield?
59. What are the high-energy electron carriers that transport electrons to the ETC in aerobic
cellular respiration?
60. Which form of cellular respiration is the most efficient?
Unit 7
61. Which process ensures that dividing cells has entire copy of DNA?
62. Compare & contrast the similarities & differences between prokaryotic DNA &
eukaryotic DNA?
63. What are the two main types of cell division & what are examples of each?
64. By which process doe prokaryotes divide, and by which two processes do eukaryotes
divide?
65. What are the three phases of the cell cycle? Give a general description of what occurs in
each phase.
66. Which type of eukaryotic cellular division occurs in somatic cells? Which type of
eukaryotic cellular division occurs in sex cells?
67. Which process ensures that each new cell formed during eukaryotic cellular division have
organelles in which to begin with?
68. How is cytoplasmic division different in plant cells versus animal cells?
69. What is the specific name given to the processes which results in sperm cells in males &
egg cells in females?
70. What is the result of uncontrolled mitosis?
Unit 8
71. Who is known as "The Father of Genetics", and what did he experiment with that laid the
groundwork for our modern rules of genetics?
72. What is the difference between an allele and a gene?
73. What is the difference between a genotype & a phenotype?
74. What is the difference between self-pollination & corss-pollination? Which process did
Mendel use in his experiments?
75. Which eight traits did Mendel study in his experiments?
76. The crossing of which two types of individuals will result in a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 &
a phenotypic ratio of 3:1?
77. What do the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent
Assortment state?
78. What type of cross best demonstrates the Law of Independent Assortment?
79. Be familiar with the Codominance, Incomplete Dominance, & Sex-Linked traits.
80. Which mode of inheritance is exhibited by our blood types?
Unit 9
81. What are pedigree charts & how do scientists use them?
82. How do you determine if a pedigree chart demonstrates x-linked or autosomal inheritence
patterns?
83. How do you determine if a pedigree chart demonstrates a gene that is dominant or
recessive?
84. How many total chromosomes comprise a normal human karyotype?
85. What is the name given for the first twenty-two pair of human chromosomes?
86. What is the name given to the twenty-third pair of human chromosomes?
87. What four things can cause a mutation?
88. What is genetic engineering?
Unit 10
89. What are the two phases of protein synthesis & where do each occur?
90. Which three people worked together to come up with the first woking model of DNA?
91. Which rule states that adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine?
92. What are three differences between DNA & RNA?
93. What are the three forms of RNA?
94. Which enzyme is responsible for making sure that mRNA is identical to DNA?
95. How is pre-mRNA different from mature mRNA?
96. Which enzyme is responsible for cutting out the introns from mRNA?
97. What four things are involved in translation?
98. What are the three steps of translation?
99. What is the end product of translation?
100.
What room number does Mr. Parker normally conduct class?