STUDY GUIDE EXAM 4
LECTURE MATERIAL:
Structure of the Earth
definition of mineral
what are silicate minerals?
definition of rock
Know the three main types of rocks and examples of each.
difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
definition of mafic, felsic and ultramafic rocks
what are sediments? What are strata?
Know the rock cycle.
What are the differences between the outer and inner core of the earth?
Know the differences between the lower, upper, and uppermost mantle.
definition of asthenosphere.
definition of lithosphere.
differences between continental and oceanic crust.
What is isostacy and isostatic adjustment. What are examples ?
Plate Tectonics
What is plate tectonic theory?
Where are most of the divergent boundaries? What are the different landforms associated with
oceanic/oceanic and continental/continental divergent boundaries? Give examples of both
situations.
What are mid-oceanic ridges? axial rift? sea-floor spreading?
How did the Red Sea form? How did the Atlantic Ocean form?
What is subduction?
What is an ocean floor trench?
What are the landforms associated with oceanic/continental, continental/continental and
oceanic/oceanic convergent boundaries? What are examples of each?
What is a transform boundary?
What are hot spots (mantle plumes)? What are examples?
What are sea mounts (guyots)?
Volcanism
definition of a volcano
difference between magma and lava
how did the Hawaiian islands form
Pacific Ring of Fire
Relationship between types of magma and explosiveness of volcano
caldera
shield, stratovolcanoes (composite) and cinder cones: the differences and major characteristics of
each
What is a lava flow? a flood basalt? What are examples of flood basalts?
How old is the rift system that produced the rocks of the north shore of Lake Superior?
What are pyroclastic flows?
What are lahars?
What is intrusive volcanism. Know definitions of the following intrusive features neck, dike, sill,
pluton.
EARTHQUAKES
Where do they occur? Where are the earthquakes of greatest intensity?
What is the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake?
What are seismic waves?
What is the difference between body waves an surface waves
P waves and S waves: what are the differences?
What are the earthquake scales and how do they differ?
What are foreshocks and aftershocks?
What are tsunamis?
What causes tsunamis?
How do tsunami waves change as they approach shore?
GLACIERS AND GLACIAL LANDSCAPES
definition of erosion
definition of glacier
densities and differences between snow and glacial ice
what causes glaciers to form and grow
ablation and accumulation
advancing and retreating glaciers
how do glaciers move
crevasse
ice fall
glacial drift: till vs. stratified drift (outwash)
CHAPTER 11:
Important figures: 11.1, 11.3, 11.15, 11.21, 11.23,11.24, 11.26, 11.27
know examples of each rock type.
chemical alteration of igneous rocks
clastic sediments
evaporites
fossil fuels in sedimentary rocks
examples of metamorphic rocks
CHAPTER 12
Important Figures:12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.8, 12.10, 12.19, 12.23, 12.26, 12.28, 12.22, 12.24, 12.25,
12.27
geologic time scale
continental shield
power source for plate movements
San Andreas fault
East African Rift VAlley
CHAPTER 17:
glacial erosion: polishing, plucking, abrasion
roche moutonnee
hanging valleys
glacial trough (valley)
arête
horn
moraines: lateral, medial, terminal
continental glaciers (ice sheets) vs. alpine glaciers
kettle
drumlin
Esker
Ice Age
fiords
icebergs
details of Late Cenozoic Ice Age (p. 582)
permafrost
active layer
periglacial
ice wedge polygons
patterned ground
pingos
Holocene Epoch
ice marginal lakes
pluvial lakes
possible causes of Late Cenozoic Ice Age
possible causes of glaciation cycles
ice sheets and global warming
Figures 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.6, 17.10, 17.16, 17.17, 17.28, 17.29, 17.30