Supporting information
Studies contributing to the production of a nematode phylogeny for the analyses:
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Characterization of Dictyocaulus species (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from three species of wild ruminants in northwestern Spain. J. Parasitol.
95 , 966–70.
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Protostrongylidae (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) as inferred from morphological characters, with consideration of parasite-host coevolution. J. Parasitol.
85 , 638–648.
5. Casiraghi, M., Bain, O., Guerrero, R., Martin, C., Pocacqua, V., Gardner, S. L.,
Franceschi, A. & Bandi, C. 2004 Mapping the presence of Wolbachia pipientis on the phylogeny of filarial nematodes: evidence for symbiont loss during evolution. Int. J.
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34 , 191–203. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.004)
6. Cernotíková, E., Horák, A. & Moravec, F. 2011 Phylogenetic relationships of some spirurine nematodes (Nematoda: Chromadorea: Rhabditida: Spirurina) parasitic in fishes inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences. Folia Parasitol.
58 , 135–48.
7. Chilton, N. B., Huby-Chilton, F., Gasser, R. B. & Beveridge, I. 2006 The evolutionary origins of nematodes within the order Strongylida are related to predilection sites within hosts. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
40 , 118–128.

8.
Gouÿ de Bellocq, J., Ferté, H., Depaquit, J., Justine, J. L., Tillier, a & Durette-Desset,
M. C. 2001 Phylogeny of the Trichostrongylina (Nematoda) inferred from 28S rDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
19 , 430–42. (doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0925)
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76 , 100–104.
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32 , 1507–17.
11. Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P. E., Solano, G., Zhang, H., Gan, X. & Yong, H. Sen 2010
Molecular differentiation of Angiostrongylus taxa (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Acta Trop.
116 , 152–6.
(doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.07.005)
12. Ferri, E. et al. 2011 New insights into the evolution of Wolbachia infections in filarial nematodes inferred from a large range of screened species. PLoS One 6 , e20843.
(doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020843)
13. Fontanilla, I. K. C. & Wade, C. M. 2008 The small subunit (SSU) ribosomal (r) RNA gene as a genetic marker for identifying infective 3rd juvenile stage Angiostrongylus cantonensis . Acta Trop.
105 , 181–6. (doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.10.007)
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(Nematoda: Trichostrongylina). J. Parasitol.
91 , 382–389.
16. Hoberg, E. P., Lichtenfels, J. R. & Gibbons, L. 2004 Phylogeny for species of
Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea): Considerations of their evolutionary history and global biogeography among Camelidae and Pecora. J. Parasitol.
90 , 1085–
1102.

17. Hoglund, J., Morrison, D. A., Divina, B. P., Wilhelmsson, E. & Mattsson, J. G. 2003
Phylogeny of Dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal RNA data. Parasitology 127 , 179–187.
(doi:10.1017/S0031182003003366)
18. Holterman, M., van der Wurff, A., van den Elsen, S., van Megen, H., Bongers, T.,
Holovachov, O., Bakker, J. & Helder, J. 2006 Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown Clades. Mol. Biol. Evol.
23 , 1792–800. (doi:10.1093/molbev/msl044)
19. Honisch, M. & Krone, O. 2008 Phylogenetic relationships of Spiruromorpha from birds of prey based on 18S rDNA. J. Helminthol.
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(Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Int. J. Parasitol.
28 , 1251–60.
21. Iorio, R. & Traversa, D. 2008 New epidemiological and molecular insights into feline lungworm infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
1149 , 174–6. (doi:10.1196/annals.1428.042)
22.
Kutz, S. J. et al. 2007 Serendipitous discovery of a novel protostrongylid (Nematoda :
Metastrongyloidea) in caribou, muskoxen, and moose from high latitudes of North
America based on DNA sequence comparisons. Can. J. Zool. Can. Zool.
85 , 1143–
1156.
23. Laetsch, D. R., Heitlinger, E. G., Taraschewski, H., Nadler, S. A. & Blaxter, M. L.
2012 The phylogenetics of Anguillicolidae (Nematoda: Anguillicoloidea), swimbladder parasites of eels. BMC Evol. Biol.
12 , 60. (doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-60)
24. Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Solorzano, A. C. & Nascetti, G. 2010 Contracaecum gibsoni n. sp. and C. overstreeti n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus (L.) in Greek waters: genetic and morphological evidence.
Syst. Parasitol.
75 , 207–24. (doi:10.1007/s11230-009-9220-8)

25. McNulty, S. N., Mullin, A. S., Vaughan, J. a, Tkach, V. V, Weil, G. J. & Fischer, P. U.
2012 Comparing the mitochondrial genomes of Wolbachia -dependent and independent filarial nematode species. BMC Genomics 13 , 145. (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-145)
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(Nematoda: Strongylida) inferred from ribosomal RNA gene sequences. J. Parasitol.
89 , 965–973.
27. Morales-Hojas, R. 2009 Molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology.
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30. Nadler, S. A., Carreno, R. A., Mejia-Madrid, H., Ullberg, J., Pagan, C., Houston, R. &
Hugot, J. P. 2007 Molecular phylogeny of clade III nematodes reveals multiple origins of tissue parasitism. Parasitology 134 , 1421–1442.
31. Meldal, B. H. M. et al. 2007 An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
42 , 622–636.
32. Newton, L. A., Chilton, N. B., Beveridge, I. & Gasser, R. B. 1998 Systematic relationships of some members of the genera Oesophagostomum and Chabertia
(Nematoda: Chabertiidae) based on ribosomal DNA sequence data. Int. J. Parasitol.
28 , 1781–9.
33. Otranto, D., Brianti, E., Dantas-Torres, F., Weigl, S., Latrofa, M. S., Gaglio, G.,
Cauquil, L., Giannetto, S. & Bain, O. 2011 Morphological and molecular data on the

dermal microfilariae of a species of Cercopithifilaria from a dog in Sicily. Vet.
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182 , 221–9. (doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.043)
34.
Popiołek, M., Hildebrand, J. & Zaleśny, G. 2009 Morphology and taxonomy of
Rodentoxyuris sciuri Quentin Et Tenora, 1974 (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Enterobiinae) with notes on molecular phylogeny. Ann. Zool.
59 , 415–421.
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35.
Mejía-Madrid, H. H., Choudhury, A. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. 2007 Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) species from the Americas. Syst. Parasitol.
67 , 1–18. (doi:10.1007/s11230-006-9065-3)
36. Wijova, M., Moravec, F., Horak, A. & Lukes, J. 2006 Evolutionary relationships of
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37. Xie, Y. et al. 2011 The mitochondrial genome of Baylisascaris procyonis . PLoS One 6 , e27066. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027066)
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