AP/DE Biology
GR Ch 13 & 14 Biotechnology and Development
Name ________________________
Date ___________ Block ________
Ch 13 Biotechnology
1. How are restriction enzymes used in biotechnology? What is the difference between “sticky
ends” and “blunt ends” created by restriction enzymes?
2. Explain the process of DNA gel electrophoresis.
3. Distinguish between genomic libraries, cDNA libraries. What are the differences between
antisense RNA and siRNA? Explain how each of these four aspects has been used to benefit
humans.
4. Explain how DNA microarrays are used for clinical diagnosis in breast cancer patients.
5. What is pharming, how is it done, and what are its advantages over more conventional
biotechnology approaches?
Ch 14 Genes, Development, and Evolution
1.
Describe the four major processes of development and, using Figure 14.1, describe when
these processes occur in animal development.
2. What is the function of stem cells in an organism? Complete the chart about types of stem
cells.
Type of Stem Cell
Ways stem cells are
Cells/tissues grown
Uses of these stem
obtained
from these stem cells cells
Totipotent stem cells
Multipotent stem
cells
Pluripotent stem
cells
A) Embryonic stem
cells (ESCs)
B) Induced
pluripotent stem
cells (iPS cells)
3.
Every cell of an individual organism contains all the genes needed to produce every protein
encoded by the organism’s genome. Each cell, however, expresses only a subset of these
genes; the identity of these genes and the processes by which they are activated form the
basis of cell determination and differentiation. What are three ways by which cells regulate
gene expression and protein production?
4. What is a morphogen? Explain how different concentrations of the morphogen called Sonic
hedgehog (Shh) determines digit formation on hands and feet.
5. Complete the chart that shows the sequential pattern of gene expression that determines
morphogenesis (the organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the
multicellular body and its organs).
Classes of genes
Maternal effect
Segmentation genes
Hox genes
genes
Function
bicoid =
Gap genes =
homeobox =
Subgenes and their
functions
Pair-rule genes =
nanos =
Segment polarity
genes =
6. Describe the major ideas of evolutionary developmental biology. Define genetic switches
and heterochrony.
7. The features of organisms almost always evolve from preexisting features in their ancestors.
TRUE or FALSE Give an example as evidence for your answer.