BIOLOGY FALL 2015 STUDY GUIDE FOR THE FINAL
Milestones Domain/Weight: Cells 18%
Georgia Performance Standards:
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
A. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in
maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
B. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
C. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
D. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing
complexity of systems.
A. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
D. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
Milestones Domain/Weight: Genetics 25%
Georgia Performance Standards:
SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
A. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
B. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.
C. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
D. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including:
-Alternating during replication -Insertions
-High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) -Deletions -Substitutions -Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA
-Chemical
E. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations
STANDARD
SB1a
SB1a & d
SB3
SB3
SB1a
SB1a
SB1a & SB3
SB1a
SB1a
SB1a
CHAPTER
IN
TEXTBOOK
7
pg 188/189
7
pg 188-190
7
pg 186
7
pg 186
7
Chart pg 199
And pg 193199
7
Chart pg 199
And pg 193199
7
pg 186 and
Chart pg 199
And pg 193199
7
pg 202
7
pg 202 & 205
7
QUESTION
#
1.
QUESTION TOPIC
4.
What would happen to the cell (plasma) membrane if
cholesterol molecules are removed?
Where would you be least likely to find water in the cell
(plasma) membrane?
Explain bacteria (prokaryotes) and what you know about
them.
Explain eukaryotic cells.
5.
Which organelle converts sugars into energy
6.
What do Cilia and flagella do in watery environments and
on stationary cells?
7.
If you are given organelles within a cell, can you identify
the type of cell it belongs to plant, animal, or bacterial?
8.
At what point in the process of diffusion is dynamic
equilibrium reached?
What is a major difference between facilitated diffusion
and active transport?
What happens to cells in a hypotonic, hypertonic and
2.
3.
9.
10.
SB1a
SB1a
SB1a
SB1a
SB1a
pg 204-205
7
pg 204-205
7
pg 201 - 203
8
pg 221
8
pg 218-219
11.
12.
13.
14.
8
pg 221
pg 223-226
15.
SB1a
8
pg 223
17.
SB1c
6
pg 167-171
6
pg 168
6
pg 170
6
pg 171
9
pg 248
9/18
pg 252 & 520
10
pg 275
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 277-281
18.
SB2c
10
pg 277-281
27.
SB2c
10
pg 275-276
28.
SB2c
SB2c
Pg 272
10
29.
30.
SB1a
SB1c
SB1c
SB1c
SB2c
SB1a
SB2b
SB2c
SB2c
16.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
isotonic solution?
What happens to cells in a hypotonic, hypertonic and
isotonic solution?
What is passive transport?
How is energy produced in the cell? * know diagrams as
well
During photosynthesis light energy is converted to the
energy in chemical bonds. What also happens according
to the predictions of the second law of thermodynamics?
What happens when you remove a phosphate group from
ATP?
The energy acquired in the light-dependent reactions is
used in the light-independent reactions to build glucose
molecules. How is this energy transferred from lightdependent to light-independent reactions?
Why are chloroplasts found mostly in the leaves of
plants?
Remember CHO,CHO, CHON, CHONP? Know which
elements are found in which macromolecules.
In humans and other multicelluar organisms, which
substance plays a central role as an energy source?
Amino acids are the building blocks of which
macromolecule?
An organism’s genetic information is stored in which
type of macromolecule?
If a cell has x number of chromosomes. How many
chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
What is binary fission?
What are the steps in mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization
and what is the n or 2n number at each step
Can you read about a across and determine the parents
and offspring geneotype from the phenotype?
Know the classic situation in which the F1 generation (all
heterozygous) are crossed to produce offspring in a 3 to 1
ratio of dominant to recessive. Be sure you know how to
work the Punnett square and what it looks like.
Know the classic situation in which the P generation
(Homozygous dominant X homozygous recessive) are
crossed to produce offspring in a 100% ratio of dominant
to recessive. Be sure you know how to work the Punnett
square and what it looks like.
A diploid cell with two homologous pairs of
chromosomes… Due to independent assortment, what are
the possible allelic combinations that could be found in
gametes produced by the meiotic division of this cell?
What is crossing over and what does it look like?
Given a genetic pedigree or picture of Mendel’s
pg 277-281
SB2c
experiment, can you figure out the geneotypes of the
different parents in the crosses?
Be able to answer question about a dihybrid cross
10
pg 277 - 282
10
pg 272
10
pg 272-274
10
pg 272-274
31.
SB2c
10
pg 275
35.
SB2c
10
pg 275
36.
SB2c
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 277-281
37.
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 279
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 277-281
10
pg 283-284
40.
11
pg 299
11
pg 299
11
pg 299
11
pg 299
11
45.
In which situation are the phenotypes of F2 offspring
expected to follow the ratio of 9:3:3:1?
If two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what percent
of their offspring are also expected to be heterozygous?
With independent assortment, the ratio of phenotypes of
the F2 generation from homozygous parents is expected
to approximate 9:3:3:1. When linkage occurs, the traits
do not assort independently and this ratio is not observed.
Why?
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
46.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
47.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
48.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
49.
What is co-dominance?
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
32.
33.
34.
38.
39.
41.
42.
43.
44.
How do you illustrate the result of a single crossover of
the homologous chromosomes?
Which event during meiosis leads to a reduction in
chromosome number from 2n to n?
The typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are found in a typical human
sperm?
Suppose an animal is heterozygous AaBb, and the traits
are not linked. When meiosis occurs, what is the total
number of possible combinations of gametes that can be
made for these traits?
Suppose an animal is heterozygous AaBbCc, and the
traits are not linked. When meiosis occurs, what is the
total number of possible combinations of gametes that
can be made for these traits?
If parents follow Mendel’s true breeding dominant X true
breeding recessive…what are all the offspring?
Can you work a Punnett Square when you are given the
problem and then answer a question about your square?
Mendel took the pollen from a tall pea plant and
pollinated the flower of a short pea plant. When he did
this, he removed the male parts of the flower on the short
plant. Why was it important that he remove the male
parts from the flower of the short plant?
Know Mendel’s classic experiments using the slides on
the website. You will answer a question from that.
What is another name for a heterozygous organism?
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
SB2c
Pg 302-303
11
pg 299
11
pg 299
11
pg 299
11
pg 299-300
50.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
51.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
52.
Be able to interrupt a pedigree
53.
A phenotype that results from a dominant allele must
have at least how many dominant allele(s) present in the
parent(s)?
Can you do Punnett Squares with blood types?
11
pg 304
11
pg 313-314
11
pg 313-314
11
ppg 313
54.
11
pg 313-314
11
pg 301
11
pg 307-308
58.
55.
59.
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur and what
conditions can it cause?
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur and what
conditions can it cause?
What occurs during the process of meiosis in humans that
can lead to a child with the condition of Down
Syndrome?
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur and what
conditions can it cause?
Infering genotypes from Mendel’s crosses
60.
Pedigrees and sex-linked traiats
56.
57.