1.
Haemostasis. Disturbances of primary haemostasis.
2.
Polycythaemia.
Pathophysiology of the lung. Comparison of restrictive and
obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Pathophysiology of portal circulation.
Abnormal GIT motility/passage. Stomach. Dyspepsia, nausea,
vomit.
Neurodegenerative diseases. Demyelinization diseases - sclerosis
multiplex. Demention – Alzheimer disease.
3.
Autoimmune diseases. Pathophysiological aspects of
transplantation immunity - mechanisms of H-v-G reaction.
4.
Pathophysiology of puberty, climacterium, old age and aging.
Pathophysiologiy of micronutrients and trace elements examples, consequences.
Disturbances of the extrapyramidal system – hypokinetic and
hyperkinetic syndromes.
Pathophysiology of chronic kidney injury and failure - etiology,
symptoms, metabolic and clinical consequences.
Uraemic syndrome.
Disturbances of brain blood supply. Brain oedema.
5.
Reparation of tissue injury - bleeding, inflammation, epithelisation,
granulation tissue, fibrotisation, scarring.
Pathophysiology of the healing process.
Acute respiratory disturbances - occlusion of respiratory pathways,
gas mixtures without oxygen, sudden decrease of athmospheric
pressure, sleep apnoe, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism,
drowning, aspiration of stomach content.
Central and peripheral paralysis – characteristics of functional
disturbances, symptoms according to the localization of interruption,
brain stem syndromes.
7.
Monofactorial and multifactorial diseases - genetic diseases. Risk
factors. Civilisation diseases.
6.
Anaemia caused by decreased erythrocyte production.
Arteriosclerosis - risk factors, endothelial dysfunction, classification
of AS plaques, outcomes, degenerative changes in AS focus, AS in
relation to haemocoagulation and to inflammation. Metabolic
syndrome.
Etiopathogenesis of stomach secretion disturbances. ZollingerEllisson´s syndrome. Gastritis - acute, chronic, special forms,
etiology, examples, consequences.
8.
External factors contributing to the origin and development of
disease - radiation, effects of light, sound, ultrasound, laser, electric
current, pressure, crush syn., cold, warm, xenobiotics, biological
factors (viruses, bacterium, prions).
Pathogenesis of kidney diseases due to extra-renal causes.
ARDS and RDS - pathogenesis, etiology, consequences.
Cushing´s disease and Cushing´s syndrome.
Portal hypertension - pathogenesis, etiology, consequences.
9.
Pathophysiology of nonspecific and specific immune systems.
Primary and secondary immune disturbances - mechanisms,
classification, examples of skin and mucousal manifestations.
10.
Pain - pathogenesis, significance, classification, examples of pain
perception, mediators, principles of pharmacological treatment.
Headache. Pain andstress.
Diabetes mellitus - acute complications.
Acute and chronic cardiac failure - pathogenesis, outcomes,
clinical syndromes.
Quantitative and qualitative disturbances of memory.
Disturbances of speach functions.
11.
Cell injury and cell death - reversible and irreversible changes, cell
responses to the stress, necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy - etiology,
mechanisms.
Acute circulatory failure.
Peptic ulcer, ulcerous disease. Pathophysiology of stomach,
postresection syndromes.
Disturbances of thyreoid gland. Hyperthyroidism.
12.
Pathophysiological aspects of blood transfusion and blood
derivates transfusion– complication, risks, outcomes.
Pathophysiological aspects of bone marrow transplantation.
Pathophysiology of the veins, small veins and arteries. Increased
venous pressure - central, peripheral, pulmonary.
Thrombophlebitis, thrombembolism, postthrombophlebitic
complex. Vasculitis (thrombangitis obliterans/Bürger´s disease.
Disturbances of central and peripheral motor neurone - central and
peripheral paralysis.
13.
Disturbances of ABB - classification, compensation, correction,
simple and mixed disturbances , ABB therapy principles,
complications.
14.
Stress and General adaptation syndrome - characteristics, phases,
regulatory mechanisms. Eustress. Distress.
Tumor diseases of pulmonary system - risk factors, effects,
compensation, outcomes.
Disturbances of saccharides metabolism. Hyperglycaemia and
hypoglycaemia - causes, values, regulations, clinical symptoms,
complications. Metabolic syndrome.
Pathophysiology of oesophagus . Abnormal motility/passage
disturbances, hiatus hernia, reflux disease, inflammation, varices.
Subicterus, icterus, pseudoicterus. Significant clinical and laboratory
finds in different jaundice types.
15.
Multiorgan dysfunction in general inflammation (MODS).
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
16.
Circulatory shock - etiology, classification, stages, clinical
monitoring, pathophysiological bases of therapy. Delayed
complications of shock (MODS, MOF).
Diabetes mellitus - chronic complications - metabolic origin,
examples, clinical manifestation, consequences.
Ataxia - types, clinical classification, manifestation. Walking
disturbances - types, clinical manifestations.
Non-specific intestinal inflammatory diseases. Ulcerative colitis,
Crohn´s disease. Colorectal carcinoma.
Acute and chronic suprarenal gland cortex insufficiency.
Proteinuria and haematuria.
18.
Tumorigenesis - cell cycle, positive and negative oncogens, clonal
theory of tumor origin, genetictumour marker dispositions,
paraneoplastic syndrome, metastases, causes of death in oncologic
diseases.
Acute and chronic liver injury. Liver failure. Metabolic
disturbances. Liver encephalopathy. Hepatic coma.
Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury. Kidney failure - etiology,
phases, symptoms, metabolic consequences.
17.
Infusion therapy – principles, complications, risks.
Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism,
pseudohyperaldosteronism.
19.
Health and disease definition, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms,
syndromes, course and outcomes of diseases.
20.
Disturbances of water and osmotic balance - mechanisms,
regulation, clinically important examples.
Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes - pathogenesis, manifestations,
consequences.
The role of compensatory mechanisms in heart failure - benefitial
effects, vs. factors ingravescenting heart insufficiency.
Endocrine system hierarchy and its significance in pathogenesis.
Regulatory feedbacks, their importance in endocrine disturbances
- examples.
Patophysiology of hypothalamo-hypophyseal system disturbances of regulatory mechanisms, neuroendocrine disturbances
of energy metabolism and regulation of food intake, consequences.
Pathophysiology of ADH secretion disturbances.
21.
Inflammation - components of inflammatory response, mediators,
local and general inflammatory response. Acute phase
reaction.Multiorgan dysfunction in general inflammation.
22.
Disturbances of Na+ and K+ ion balances - causes, effects, clinically
significant examples.
Lipoprotein metabolism disturbances - primary and secondary,
hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypolipoproteinaemia, lipidosis.
Obesity - etiology, types, body mass evaluation, endocrine and
metabolic changes, effects in organs and organ systems. Pickwick´s
syndrome. Metabolic syndrome.
Abnormal GIT motility/passage of small and large intestine. Ileus.
Constipation. Diarrhoea.
Pathophysiology of connective tissue – fibrosis, disturbances of
connective tissue and collagen.
23.
Cell injury and cell death - reversible and irreversible changes, cell
responses to the stress, necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, etiology,
mechanisms.
Urolithiasis - pathogenesis, types of stones, complications.
Acute and chronic virus hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis.
Classification, laboratory and clinical findings, consequences.
24.
Leucopaenia, leucocytosis, disturbances of granulocytes function
non-tumor changes.
Protein and amino acid metabolism disturbances - nitrogen
balance, disturbances of detoxication and secretion of nitrogens,
disturbances of plasma protein levels. Phenylketonuria. Purine and
pyrimidine metabolism disturbances. Hyperuricaemia, gout, etiology, clinical phases, prevention, consequences.
Gastrointestinal bleeding - forms, etiology, location, consequences.
25.
Psychosomatic disturbances. Iatrogenic diseases.
26.
Thrombophilia - congenital, acquired hypercoagulation conditions,
fibrinolysis disturbances. Thrombosis. Embolism and emboli types, examples. DIC.
Disturbances of oxygen transport. Hypoxia.
Maldigestion, malabsorption - primary, secondary.
Alcoholic liver disease. Liver cirrhosis. Ascites.
Pathophysiology of the parathyroid hormone.
27.
Fever - classification, mediators, course, effects.
28.
DIC, DIC in MODS.
Left and right heart failure - pathogenesis, outcomes, clinical signs.
Types of breathing, disturbances of breathing - clinical
manifestation, compensations, consequences.
Liver injury- viruses, alcohol, toxic effects, cholestasis, circulatory
disturbances. Non-alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis.
Clinical symptoms associated with liver diseases. Haemorrhagic
manifestations. Hypoalbuminaemia . Ascites.Edemas.
29.
Pathogenesis of edemas - causes, classification, examples, clinical
manifestation, outcomes.
Overview of congenital and acquired heart defects - etiology,
manifestation, outcomes and compensatory mechanisms.
30.
Immunological hyperreactivity. Allergy - types, examples.
Pathophysiology of blood pressure changes - arterial hypotension
and hypertension. Pathogenesis, course, heart and circulation systém
remodelation, clinical classification.
Disturbances of sexual glands. Hypogonadism.
Disturbances of thyroid gland - eufunctional goitre,
hypothyroidism - clinical manifestations.
31.
Disturbances of calcium and phosphorus balance - clinically
significant examples.
32.
Consciousness and cognitive function disturbances.
Disturbances of lung diffusion, ventilation/perfusion ratio
disturbances - etiology, examples, outcomes.
Autonomic (vegetative) nervous system disturbances.
Classification of heart arhythmias. Re-entry phenomenon, heart
fibrillation, flutter.
Pathophysiology of oral cavity – mastication and salivation
disturbances. Manifestation of general diseases in moth. Dysphagia.
33.
34.
Myocardial ischaemia - risk factors, pathogenesis, manifestation,
Unusual clinical forms of ischaemic heart disease - „silent“
clinical symptoms, classification, outcomes. Acute coronary syndrome. ischaemia, stunned myocardium, hibernated myocardium,
preconditioned myocardium.
Pathophysiology of chronic kidney failure - etiology, symptoms,
metabolic and clinical consequences. Uraemic syndrome.
Pathophysiology of food intake regulation. Mental anorexia.
Mental bulimia.
Pathophysiology of afferent nervous system.
Transversal spinal cord lesions. Spinal shock syndrome. Spinal
hemisection syndrome.
35.
Acute myocardial infarction - development mechanism, stages,
outcomes , complications, ECG changes, laboratory investigations,
remodelation of ventricles.
Role of nutrition as a main factor of civilisation diseases.
Metabolic syndrome. Diets. Nutritional genomics..
Epilepsy - types, etiology, diferential diagnosis of cramps.
36.
Disturbances of vitamins metabolism - examples, consequences.
Pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema - causes, classification,
pathophysiological consequences in pulmonary functions.
Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis - etiology, complications, consequences.
37.
Overview of the most frequent and significant respiratory diseases
in population. Risk factors.
38.
Anaemia due to increased loss of erythrocytes.
Respiratory insufficiency - definition and classification.
Diabetes mellitus - etiopathogenesis of the type I and II. type.
Pathophysiology of bones – osteoporosis, osteomalacia,
rachitis,osteodystrophia.
39.
Disturbances of secondary haemostasis. DIC.
Disturbances of exocrine pancreas functions - etiology, examples,
consequences.
Feedback mechanisms in menstrual cycle. Amenorrhoea.
Galactorrhoea.
Pathophysiology of adenohypophyseal system - endocrine
disturbances at the neuro- and adenohypophyseal levels.