Pathophysiology
Chapter 1(1) Introduction
What is pathophysiology?

A subject to explore the rule of origin and
evolution of disease processes and the
fundamental mechanisms.
Difference from Physiology
Also named:

Physiopathology

Physiology of Disease

Physiology of Disordered Function
Difference from Pathology

Pathology emphasizes the structural changes

Pathophysiology focuses on the functional
and metabolic alterations and
the mechanisms
The Methodologies Used in Pathophysiology

Traditionally, limited in systemic or organic
levels.

Now, more methods
Why is Pathophysiology Important?
As a bridge not between the basic science
and diseases but various basic sciences .
 Enabling the students, clinicians and other
practitioners to understand why and how
diseases develop and various
clinical manifestations appear,
and what are the fundamental
mechanisms.

How the Teaching of Pathophysiology
is Arranged?

Introduction

Fundamental pathological processes

Organic pathophysiology

Cellular and molecular pathophysiology
Major Points in Learning Pathophysiology

The general concepts

The etiology and pathogenesis

The alterations in metabolism and functions

The principles for the prevention and therapies
How to Learn Pathophysiology?

Grasp the major points

Use dialectical thinking and methods

Selectively review related knowledge
learned previously

Pay attention to experimental courses

Pay attention to clinical practices
Conspectus of
Disease
Concept of Disease
Disease is referred as aberrant manifestation
of deregulated homeostasis caused by
harmful agents.
 The development of a disease is definitely a
pathologic process with a characteristic set of
signs and symptoms involved in the whole
body or any of its parts.

Concept of Health

Health is the state of the organism when it functions
optimally without evidence of disease.

The definition of health from WHO:
Health indicates not only without any
evidence of disease, but also a state of
complete well-being physically,
psychologically and socially.
Etiology of disease

Etiology is used to study the causative agents
including microorganisms, environmental,
social factors and personal habits as
contributing factors that causes disease.

Answer the question why
disease happens.
Etiological factors
Extrinsic Factors

Biological agents

Chemical agents

Physical agents

Nutritional imbalance
Etiological factors
Intrinsic Factors

Genetic factors

Congenital factors

Immunological factors

Psychological factors
Predisposing factors

Genetic constitution

Physiological diathesis

Psychological characteristics
Precipitating Factors

Natural conditions

Physical condition

Social condition
Pathogenesis of disease

Disruption of homeostasis

Process of damage and anti-damage

Reversal role of cause and result

Correlation between systemic and local
regulations
Outcome of disease
 Complete
recovery
 Incomplete
 Death
recovery
Brain Death (WHO criteria )

Cessation of spontaneous respiration

Irreversible coma

Absence of cephalic reflexes and dilated pupils

Absence of any electrical activity of the brain

Absence of brain blood flow
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