Fig. 1. Left panel: daytime temperature profile (solid), nighttime temperature profile
(dashed). Right Panel: eddy diffusivity profile. *** add density profile ***
1
Fig. 2. Volume mixing ratio profiles of the oxygen species from model A.
2
Fig. 3. Same as Fig 2, for hydrogen species.
3
Fig. 4. Same as Fig 2, for chlorine species.
4
Same
as
Fig
Fig. 5. Same as Fig 2, for chlorine-sulfur species.
*** cut off at 10**-18
5
2,
for
Fig. 6. Volume mixing ratio profiles of the elemental sulfur species from model A.
*** separate into 2 groups of 4 each
6
Fig. 7. Same as Fig 2, for nitrogen species.
7
Fig. 8. Volume mixing ratio profiles of the sulfur oxides (including S radical) from model
A. The SO2 and SO observations with errorbars are from the Belyaev et al. (2010). The
temperature at 100 km is 165-170 K for the observations. The OCS measurement is from
Krasnopolsky (2010). *** remove S (refer to previous fig)/ put (SO)2 and S2O in dashed
lines
8
Fig. 9. Important chemical pathways for sulfur species.
9
Fig. 10. Important production and loss rates for SO (upper), SO2 (middle) and SO3
(lower) from model A
10
Fig. 11. Comparison of volume mixing ratio profiles of SO2 (left), SO (middle) and SO3
(right) from models A (black) and B (red). *** remove Model A and B from fig. The
measurements are given with error bars. 1 sigma?
11
Fig. 12. Important production and loss rates of SO (upper), SO2 (middle) and SO3 (lower)
from model B.
12
Fig. 13. Sensitivity studies based on model A. Left panel: cases for different
accommodation coefficients (see labels) of the heterogeneous nucleation rate. Middle
panel: cases with different boundary conditions of SO2 (see labels). Right panel: cases
with different boundary conditions of OCS (see labels).
13
Fig. 14. Production rate profiles of H2SO4 (solid) and Sx (dashed) for models A (black)
and B (red).
14
Fig. A1. Optical Properties of mode 1 (solid) and mode 2 (dashed) aerosols above the
middle cloud top (~58 km) based on the parameters from Crisp (1985). Upper panel:
extinction efficiency; Middle panel: Asymmetry Factor; Lower panel: single scattering
albedo mixed with the empirical albedo of the unknown UV absorber from Crisp (1985).
15
Fig. A2. Spectral actinic flux in the middle atmosphere of Venus at 45 N. *** remove 64
and 90 km
16
Fig. A3. Left panel: Concentration profiles of mode 1 (solid) and mode 2 (dashed)
aerosols based on the upper haze profiles from Wilquet et al. (2010) above 72 km and
upper cloud particle profiles from Knollenberg and Hunten (1980) from 58-65 km. Data
are not available in the red region (~66-70 km). Right panel: The equivalent sulfur
mixing ratio (ESMR) by volume computed from the H2SO4 aerosol (solid line) and the
polysulfur aerosol (dashed line). See the text for details.
17
Fig. A4. Timescales for the heterogeneous nucleation, eddy transport and photolysis for
S2, S3 and S4.
18
Fig. A5. Left panel: water activity profiles based on the daytime and nighttime
temperature profiles. Middle and Right panels: equilibrium H2O mixing ratio contours
from which H2SO4 weight percent for each altitude could be inferred by comparing the
observed H2O profile (dashed line). The middle and right panels are for the day and night
temperature situations, respectively. *** too crowded ***
19
Fig. A6. Left panel: H2SO4 vapor mixing ratio profiles in equilibrium with the daytime
(solid) and nighttime temperatures (dashed). Right panel: monohydrate (H2SO4H2O)
vapor mixing ratio profiles.
20
Fig. A7. Saturated vapor volume mixing ratio profiles of Sx allotropes based on the
monoclinic Sx saturated vapor pressure over solid Sx based on Lyons (2008), in
equilibrium with the daytime (dashed) and nighttime (solid) temperatures.
21
Fig. A8. H2SO4 cross sections binned in the model grids. Solid: data from Lane et al.
(2008) for the UV region, and Mills et al. (2005) and Feierabend et al. (2006) for the
visible region. Dashed: same as the solid line but also with 1×10-21 cm2 molecule-1 in the
UV region of 195-330 nm.
22