Leader: Kristina
Course: AnS 214
Practice Exam 3
Supplemental Instruction
Instructor: Keating
Iowa State University
Date: 10/29/2014
1. A “foreign” molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):
a. Hapten
b. antibody
c. immunoglobulin
d. antigen
Renal and Immune Systems
2. Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of:
a. Antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
b. Vaccination.
c. Injection of an immune serum.
d. Antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta.
3. Complement proteins work by:
a. Forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
b. Phagocytosis of target cells.
c. Neutralization of antigens.
d. Producing antibodies.
4. Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:
a. By secreting antibodies.
b. By phagocytosis.
c. By releasing oxidizing agents.
d. Through insertion of perforins into the target’s membrane.
5. Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:
a. T lymphocytes.
b. NK cells.
c. B lymphocytes.
d. Cytotoxic T cells.
6. The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a
secondary response, is called a(n):
a. Helper T cell.
b. Memory cell.
c. Antigen-presenting cells.
d. Plasma cell.
7. These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
a. Histamine
b. Antibodies
c. Pyrogens
d. Heparin
Supplemental Instruction
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  294-6624  www.si.iastate.edu
8. When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it
is an indication that:
a. Inflammation is occurring.
b. Antigens are present.
c. An immune response is underway.
d. Fever is developing.
9. Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?
a. Macrophages
b. Natural killer cells
c. Mucous membranes
d. Complements
10. Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?
a. It results in less memory cell circulation.
b. It results in less antibody secretion.
c. It triggers fever.
d. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
a. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while the primary
immune response is initiated by memory cells.
b. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a
primary immune response.
c. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
d. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
12. In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity?
a. Natural killer cells
b. Neutrophils
c. B cells
d. Macrophages
13. Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?
a. Redness
b. Fever
c. Swelling
d. Pain
14. Humoral immunity is provided by:
a. T cells.
b. Interferons.
c. Antibodies.
d. Complement proteins.
15. _______is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s
own cells.
a. Immunological memory
b. Self-tolerance
c. Antigenicity
d. Immunocompetence
16. Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:
a. Lymph nodes.
b. Thymus.
c. Spleen.
d. Bone marrow.
17. Which is correctly matched?
a. Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells
b. B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared
from the body.
c. Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
d. Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
18. MHC II proteins are found on:
a. Cytotoxic T cells.
b. Antigen-presenting cells.
c. Red blood cells.
d. Helper T cells.
19. Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n):
a. Immunoglobulin A
b. MAC membrane complex
c. MHC I
d. MHC II
20. Without this cell, there is no immune response?
a. Cytotoxic T cell
b. B cell
c. Macrophages
d. Helper T cell
21. How is Na+ reabsorbed?
a. Osmosis
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Active transport using ATP
d. Diffusion
22. Major calyces are:
a. Cone-shaped structures located in the renal medulla.
b. Large branches of the renal pelvis.
c. The expanded ends of renal pyramids.
d. Expanded ends of nephrons.
23. Micturition is:
a. A sacral reflex.
b. Only present in males.
c. A mechanism for concentrating urine.
d. Production of urine.
24. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
a. Major calyx.
b. Nephron.
c. Glomerulus.
d. Loop of Henle.
25. The blood supply to the nephron is the:
a. Renal artery.
b. Segmental artery.
c. Interlobular artery.
d. Afferent arteriole.
26. The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the:
a. Collecting system.
b. Renal corpuscle.
c. Papilla.
d. Loop of Henle.
27. The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is:
a. Blood hydrostatic pressure.
b. Capsular hydrostatic pressure.
c. Capsular osmotic pressure.
d. Blood osmotic pressure.
28. When the concentration of ADH increases:
a. More salt is secreted by the nephron.
b. Less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
c. Less urine is produced.
d. The specific gravity of the urine decreases.
29. Which process results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release?
a. Tubuloglomerular response
b. Renin-angiotensin mechanism
c. Myogenic mechanism
d. Countercurrent mechanism
30. Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?
a. Urethra
b. Papillary duct
c. Renal pelvis
d. Ureter
31. Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
a. Protein
b. Nitrogenous waste
c. Sodium
d. Chloride
32. Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through
them to the external environment. (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary
bladder, (5) urethra
a. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
b. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
c. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
33. In situations where there is an extreme change in blood pressure (mean arterial pressure
less than 80 or greater than 180 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic
controls.
a. True
b. False
34. Water can leave the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
a. True
b. False
35. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely
permeable to water.
a. True
b. False
36. If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the
glomerular filtration rate:
a. Cannot be determined.
b. Increases.
c. Does not change.
d. Decrease.
37. Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?
a. It metabolizes vitamin D to its active form.
b. It produces erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell formation.
c. It produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
d. It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body.
38. The renal hilum lies on the _______ surface of the kidney.
a. Inferior
b. Medial
c. Superior
d. Lateral
39. The renal ___________is continuous with the ureter.
a. Medulla
b. Cortex
c. Pelvis
d. Glomerulus
40. Which of the following cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body
water and Na+ balance?
a. Principle cells
b. Granular cells
c. Intercalated cells A
d. Intercalated cells B
41. All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane,
except the:
a. Fenestrated endothelium
b. Basement membrane
c. Renal capsule
d. Visceral membrane
42. The ________________ can contract, changing the total surface are of the capillaries
available for filtration in the glomerulus.
a. Macula densa
b. Juxtaglomerular cells
c. Intercalated cells
d. Mesangial cells
43. All of the following functions are carried out the renal tubules, except:
a. Filtration
b. Reabsorption
c. Secretion
d. Formation of urine
44. All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells. Except
a. Hemorrhaging or dehydration.
b. Inhibition by the macula densa cells.
c. Stimulation of the granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system.
d. Reduced stretching of the granular cells.
45. Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?
a. The vasa recta
b. The loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
c. The proximal convoluted tubule
d. Bowman’s capsule around the glomerulus
46. Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after
water?
a. Uric acid
b. Creatinine
c. Urea
d. Inulin
47. Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
a. Filter plasma
b. Regulate blood pressure
c. Regulate pH
d. All of the above
Essay Questions
Immune System
1. The immune system has two lines of the defense the
and
defense systems. In the first line of defense
and
are the first barriers to foreign invaders. The second line of
defense includes antimicrobial proteins,
,
, and
. One of the most
important defenses is the
response. Its four signs include
,
,
, and
. One internal defense of the innate immune system is
phagocytosis. First the phagocyte must be mobilized; this occurs in four steps
,
,
and
,
. Phagocytosis begins when a
adheres to a
. The phagocyte then forms a pseudopod that
engulfs the particle and forms a
. This will fuse with a
forming a phagolysosome. The particles in the phagolysosome
will be
. Finally, they will undergo
to
remove the waste. The second line of defense is the adaptive immune system which has
, is
, and is
. The adaptive
response is executed through the action of
marrow and
that mature in bone
that mature in the thymus. They must gain
and
before they are
ready to fight infections. One branch of the adaptive immune system is the
response which leads to the production of antibodies.
Antibodies combine with antigens to form an
. They
can also defend against antigens by four processes
,
,
, and
. When stimulated a B cell will form
with the same antigen-specific receptors. Most of these cells will become
which will mark antigens for destruction. The rest of the cells
will become
. These provide a way for the body to react
if it encounters the same antigen in the future. Active humoral
immunity can come from an
or
humoral immunity can come from
or
A second branch of the adaptive immune system is the
T helper cells come from
. Passive
.
response.
cells and cytotoxic T cells come from
cells. Helper cells are activated by
cells stimulate
. Helper
to divide faster to create more antibodies, activate
, and
other immune cells.
MHC proteins signal a foreign antigen, while
MHC proteins self.
Renal System
1. Kidneys function as the major
organ. They regulate blood pH,
volume, and composition. The kidney can regulate blood glucose levels through
. There are three layers of protective tissue around the
kidneys. The
which anchors the kidney in place, the
which acts as a cushion, and the
which provides protection from infection. The structural unit of the kidney is the
. If this structure is contained in the cortex it is called a
. If it extends far into the medulla it is called a
. Nephrons are made up of a
, which is the glomerulus and its capsule, and a
. The renal
tubule contains the visceral layer and a
. This includes foot
processes known as
and filtration
continues to include the
,
. The renal tubule
,
, and
. The formation of urine occurs in three steps. In the first step,
, blood is filtered through the filtration membrane.
Glomerular
cells degrade large molecules that make it through the
filter. The rate of filtration can be controlled via two intrinsic mechanisms. In the
mechanism glomerular filtration rate is controlled by constriction or
dilation of afferent arterioles. In the
mechanism GFR is
controlled by macula dense cells releasing a
compound in
response to high levels of salt. Under extreme stress, extrinsic controls take over and the
sympathetic nervous system releases
of
. This triggers the release
to activate angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and ultimately to
angiotensin II. The second step of urine formation is
.
More reabsorption takes place in the
. In the DCT and collecting ducts
reabsorption is hormonally controlled. Parathyroid hormone controls the absorption of
, antidiuretic hormone controls
and anti natriuretic hormone control
formation is
absorption, and aldosterone
reabsorption. The final step in urine
.
ESSAY TOPICS
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual
exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to
draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a
schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other
words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
IMMUNE SYSTEM:
1. Explain how phagocytes are mobilized and then discuss what happens during the event of
phagocytosis.
2. Trace the path of activation for a T cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation
functions of TC and TH cells. Trace the path of activation for a B cell. Be sure to note the
differences in post-activation functions of plasma and memory cells. Explain why reexposure to an antigen will not illicit clinical sickness.
RENAL SYSTEM
1. Discuss renal autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate.
2.
Trace the path of filtrate from the glomerulus to the collecting duct.
3.
Discuss the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis with respect to its role in the regulation of
kidney function.