Exam #4
Study Guide
Chapter 38: Circulation
1. List 7 functions of the circulatory system
2. Describe how substances are exchanged in organisms with no circulatory system. Give
examples of organisms with each type.
3. Describe how an open circulatory system works, and give examples of animals with this
system.
4. Define hemolymph, hemocoel, and hemocyanin
5. Describe how a closed circulatory system works, and give examples of animals with this
system.
6. Describe 2, 3, and 4 chambered hearts, where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are
found in each, and give examples of animals that have each type.
7. Describe the flow of blood through the heart and the body in each type of heart.
8. Define and know the function and location of the following: atrium, ventricle,
atrioventricular valve (tricuspid, mitral), semilunar valve (pulmonary, aortic).
9. In a mammalian circulatory system, trace the flow of a red blood cell from the veins,
through the heart and lungs, through the body, and back to the beginning point. Be able
to name all significant structures along the route.
10. Define, describe, and give the functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins.
11. Compare and contrast the structures of arteries and veins, and how blood is pumped
through each.
12. Describe plasma, how much of it is water, and what percentage of total blood volume it
makes up.
13. Define, describe, and give average life spans for erythrocytes and thrombocytes.
14. Name the five types of leukocytes, give their average percentages, and describe the
general function of each.
15. Define and describe the idea of blood groups. Why are they important and how does the
immune system play a part in this concept?
16. List and describe the four blood types found in humans. List which blood types each is
compatible with (which can each receive donations from or donate to) and what
percentages each is found in the general population.
17. Describe the Rh factor and how/why it can be dangerous to some fetuses.
18. Describe the basic function of the lymphatic system at the capillary bed.
19. Describe how the lymphatic system is involved with the immune system, and which
organs are included.
Chapter 39: Immunity
1. Define immunity and antigen
2. List the three lines of defense and give examples of each.
3. List five protective barriers and how each works.
4. Define and describe complement, including how it functions as part of the immune
system.
5. Define and give the function of macrophages.
6. List and describe the steps of the inflammatory process; define opsonization and
chemotaxis.
7. Describe how a fever is generated and why it can be beneficial to the body.
8. Compare and contrast antibody-mediated immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.
9. Describe the function of B lymphocytes and where they are created. How do they differ
from T lymphocytes?
10. Describe the events in humoral immunity (hint…Slides #13, 18).
11. Describe how memory B cells work.
12. Define, describe, and give the functions of the 5 types of immunoglobulins.
13. List and describe the four functions of antibodies.
14. Describe the function of T cells and where they are created.
15. Define antigen-presenting cell, tell how it functions in the immune process, and give
examples of one.
16. Describe the events in cell-mediated immunity (hint….Slide #20).
17. Define and describe the four types of T cells.
18. Define and give examples of active and passive immunity in both natural and artificial
situations.
19. Define and describe immunodeficiency, autoimmune disorder, and hypersensitivity. List
examples for each.
Chapter 40: Respiration
1. List the three characteristics necessary for epithelium in a respiratory organ.
2. Define Fick’s Law and ventilation.
3. Define, give characteristics for, and animals in which hemoglobin, hemocyanin, and
myoglobin are found.
4. List and define the four types of respiratory systems found in invertebrates. Give
examples of animals in which each is found.
5. Compare and contrast the gill structures in invertebrates and vertebrates.
6. Discuss the process of countercurrent flow and why it helps to maximize oxygen
exchange.
7. Discuss the methods of respiration in amphibians and how frogs breathe through positive
pressure.
8. Define and discuss the process of negative pressure respiration.
9. Discuss the specific structures found in avian lungs and air sacs and how they differ from
other animals.
10. Be able to trace a molecule of oxygen as it moves through avian air sacs through
inspiration and expiration.
11. Discuss the method and cycle of inspiration and expiration in mammals.
12. Trace the path of airflow during inspiration from the nasal and oral cavities to alveoli
(hint…Slide #18).
13. Define and describe alveoli.
14. Discuss the difficulties in breathing at high altitudes, the modifications some animals
have for life in these conditions, and the modifications found in humans at high altitude.
15. Discuss the special concerns in respiration and oxygen exchange as an animal goes
deeper in the ocean.
16. List and describe the five modifications found in animals that can dive deep and for long
periods of time.
Chapter 41: Digestion
1. Define digestion.
2. Describe how animals with no digestive system absorb nutrients. Where does digestion
take place? Give some examples of animals with this system.
3. Describe incomplete digestive systems, including where digestion takes place and
examples of animals with this system.
4. Describe complete digestive systems and how they differ from incomplete. Give
examples of animals with this system.
5. Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous feeders.
6. Describe the functions of a complete digestive system.
7. Describe how animals without teeth ingest and break down food.
8. Define and list the function of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
9. Describe the specialized teeth and oral functions of herbivores, carnivores, and
omnivores. Be able to tell what type of food an animal eats based on the type of teeth it
has.
10. List the functions of salivary glands and the tongue.
11. Describe the function of salivary amylase.
12. Describe the function of the esophagus.
13. Describe and give functions for the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard. Give examples of
animals with each organ.
14. Define monogastric and ruminant stomachs, compare and contrast them.
15. Describe the structure and function of monogastric stomachs.
16. Describe the structure and function of ruminant stomachs. Be able to trace a lump of
food from the mouth to the small intestine, naming the structures it passes through in the
correct order.
17. Give the functions of pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
18. Define the three parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
19. Define villi and microvilli.
20. Define and give the function of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
21. List the digestive functions of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
Chapter 42: Internal Environment
1. Define and describe extracellular and interstitial fluid.
2. Describe how fluids and solutes are gained and lost.
3. Define and describe diffusion and osmosis.
4. Define hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. Tell what happens to an animal cell
in each solution.
5. Describe how mollusks, aquatic arthropods, cartilaginous fish, bony marine fish, and
bony freshwater fish manage water and salt balance under normal conditions. Also be
able to tell whether or not their natural environment is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic
to their body cells.
6. Describe how land animals loose water, and how this may differ from aquatic animals.
7. Describe modifications land animals have to help maintain proper water retention and salt
balance.
8. Describe how nitrogenous waste is produced. Then list and describe how aquatic
animals, insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and terrestrial amphibians eliminate this waste.
9. List the four types of organs found in animals to eliminate wastes. Describe each and
give examples of animals with each system. Be able to tell how each differs from the
others.
10. Define the location and function of the following: renal cortex, renal medulla, renal
pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, nephron.
11. Describe and give the function of the following structures: glomerulus, glomerular
capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle.
12. List and describe the four methods of heat gain or loss.
13. List and describe methods animals have to deal with heat and cold.
This study guide covers the majority of information on the exam but not all of it. You are still
responsible for any information that was covered in the lecture but not put on this guide
(intentionally or unintentionally). Good Luck and Study Hard!!