AP Biology 2010
Week 1O Animals Systems
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
40:
41:
42:
43:
Nutrition Circulatory, Respiratory, and Immune Systems
An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function
Animal Nutrition
Circulation and Gas Exchange
The Body’s Defenses
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Explain how the organization of cells, tissues, and organs determine the structure and
function of animal systems.
 Relate the structure and function of various organ systems.
 Describe how organ systems of animals interact.
 Explain how body size and shape affect interactions with the environment.
 Explain how homeostasis depends on feedback circuits.
 Describe the structure and function of the various organs in the digestive system.
 Explain the importance of compartmentalization in the digestive system.
 Explain how structural adaptations of the digestive system are often associated with
diet.
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 40: An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function—2 days
Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition—2 days
Key Words
epithelial tissue
basement membrane
simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
cuboidal
columnar
squamous
mucous membrane
collagenous fibers
elastic fibers
recticular fibers,
loose connective tissue
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipose tissue
fibrous connective tissue
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standard metabolic rate
interstitial fluid
homeostasis
negative feedback
positive feedback
undernourished
essential nutrients
malnourished
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids,
vitamins
minerals
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
suspension-feeders
gallbladder
oral cavity
salivary amylase
bolus
pharynx
epiglottis
esophagus
stomach
gastric juice
pepsin
pesinogen
acid chime
pyloric sphincter
bile
small intestine
carbohydrate digestion
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tendons
ligaments
cartilage
chondrocytes
bone
osteoblasts
Haversian systems
blood
nervous tissue
neuron
muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
striated muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
organs
mesenteries
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
organ systems
metabolic rate
calories
kilocalories
basal metabolic rate
substrate-feeders
deposit-feeders
fluid-feeders
bulk-feeders
ingestion
digestion
enzymatic hydrolysis
absorption
elimination
intracellular digestion
extracellular digestion
gastrovascular cavities
complete digestive tracts
alimentary canals
anus
peristalsis
sphincters
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidases
teropeptidase
nucleases
emulsification
lipase
jejunum
ileum
villi
microvilli
lacteal
chylomicrons
hepatic portal vessel
gastrin
enterogastrones
secretin
cholecystokinin
large intestine
cecum
appendix
feces
Assignment #10
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition
1. Define ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
2. Briefly describe digestion in food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, and alimentary canals
3. Describe the structure of the walls of the alimentary canal, explain how food moves through
the tract, and how it is temporarily held in the stomach before moving to the intestine.
4. Name the four accessory organs of the digestive system.
5. Describe the nature and functions of saliva. What enzyme is present in it?
6. What is the purpose of the epiglottis? Where is it located?
7. What are the functions of the acid and pepsin present in gastric juice.
8. How is the stomach protected from digesting itself?
9. How is the control of acid secretion accomplished?
10. Describe how the structure of the lining of the small intestine relates to it's function.
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11. What is the major function of the large intestine?
12. What is the role played by bacteria in the colon?
13. How is dentition related to diet?
Part II Circulatory, Respiratory, and Immune Systems
Chapter 42: Circulatory and Gas Exchange
Chapter 43: The Body's Defenses
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Explain the importance of compartmentalization in the digestive system.
 Explain how structural adaptations of the digestive system are often associated with
diet.
 Describe the structure and function of the various organs in the circulatory,
respiratory, and immune systems.
 Describe how transport systems functionally connect the organs of exchange with
body cells.
 Explain how vertebrate phylogeny is reflected in adaptations of the cardiovascular
system.
 Explain how gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of
carbon dioxide.
 Explain how antigens react with specific lymphocytes to induce immune response and
immunological memory.
 Explain how helper T lymphocytes function in both humoral and cell-mediate immunity.
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 42: Circulatory and Gas Exchange—1.5 days
Chapter 43: The Body's Defenses—2 days
Lab 10 Physiology -1 day
Key words
open circulatory system
hemolymph
sinuses
closed circulatory system
cardiovascular system
atrium
ventricles
arteries
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parabronchi
breathing control centers
partial pressure
respiratory pigments
hemocyanin
dissociation curve
myoglobin
lysozymes
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arterioles
capillaries
capillary beds
venules
veins
pulmocutaneous circuit
systemic circuit
double circulation
pulmonary circuit
atrioventricular valve
semilunar valves
pulse
heart rate
cardiac cycle
systole
diastole
cardiac output
stroke volume
sinoatrial node
pacemaker
atrioventricular node
electrocardiogram
endothelium
blood pressure
peripheral resistance
lymphatic system
lymph
lymph nodes
plasma
red blood cells
erythrocytes
hemoglobin
white blood cells
leukocites
platelets
pluripotent stem cells
erythropoietin
fibrinogin
fibrin
hemophilia
thrombus
cardio vascular disease
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phagocytosis
neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
natural killer
inflammatory response
histamines
basophiles
mast cells
prostaglandins
chemokines
pyrogens
complement system
interferons
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
antigen
antibodies
antigen receptors
T cell receptors
effector cells
memory cells
clonal selection
primary immune response
plasma cells
secondary immune response
programmed cell death
major histocompatibility complex
class I MHC
class II MHC
antigen presentation
cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
antigen-presenting cells
CD4
cytokines
interleukin-2
suppressor T cell
CD8
target cell
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heart attack
stroke
atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis
hypertension
low-density lipoproteins
high-density lipoproteins
gas exchange
respiratory medium
respiratory surface
ventilation
gills
counter-current exchange
lungs
larynx
vocal chords
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
breathing
positive pressure breathing
negative pressure breathing
diaphragm
tidal volume
vital capacity
residual volume
perforin
tumor antigen
T-dependent antigens
T-independent antigens
Immunoglobulins
heavy chains
light chains
monoclonal antibodies
neutralization
opsonization
agglutination
complement fixation
membrane attack complex
immune adherence
active immunity
immunization
vaccination
passive immunity
ABO blood groups
Rh factor
graft versus host reaction
anaphylactic shock
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
opportunistic diseases
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-positive
Assignment # 10 Chapters 42 & 43
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. Describe the difference between an open and a closed circulatory system.
2. Outline the basic circulatory schemes of vertebrates and explain why the four chambered
heart was a necessary evolutionary development in birds and mammals.
3. Distinguish between the five categories of blood vessels
4. Describe the structure of arteries and veins
5. Trace the path of blood through the heart, starting at the vena cava and ending at the aorta;
naming all the parts of the heart, blood vessels, and organs it passes through.
6. Explain the terms systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit, identifying the part of the heart
that applies to each.
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7. Describe the roles of the SA node and AV node in the control of the heart.
8. Explain the relationship between blood flow velocity, blood pressure and cross-sectional area
of blood vessels.
9. Explain how blood pressure is measured.
10. Describe how the flow of blood through capillary beds is regulated and how materials are
exchanged between capillaries and the interstitial fluid.
11. Name and briefly describe the primary components of blood.
12. Outline the process of blood clotting.
13. Define cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis,
hypertension, LDLs and HDLs.
14. Animals display four basic types of respiratory organs. Describe them.
15. Using the flow of blood through the gill of a fish and the water around it, explain the
concept of countercurrent exchange.
16. Briefly describe the structure of the respiratory system, including trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli.
17. How are vertebrate lungs ventilated?
18. How is breathing controlled in humans?
19. Use the concept of partial pressure to explain the loading and unloading of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the alveolar space and in the tissues.
20. Describe the dissociation curve for hemoglobin and explain how it demonstrates the ability
of hemoglobin to deliver oxygen during normal metabolism and during high metabolism.
Chapter 43: The Body's Defenses
1. Outline the immune system's three lines of defence.
2. What role is played by the skin and mucous membranes?
3. What role is played by macrophages?
4. What is the job of the natural killer cell?
5. Describe the action of complement system.
6. Describe the inflammatory response. Identify the purpose served by each component of the
response.
7. Explain the four components of the immune system.
8. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
9. What is the key component of the humoral immune system?
10. What is the key component of the cell-mediated immune system?
11. What is an antigen?
12. What is an epitope?
13. Explain how the clonal selection of B cells occurs.
14. What important role is played by memory B cells?
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15. Explain the response to a T-dependant antigen (remember, this requires macrophages and TH
cells).
16. How is a T cell activated by an APC and what is the result?
17. What are cytokines?
18. Describe the genetic basis for our ability to produce B cells with such a wide range of
specificities.
19. Describe the mechanisms by which antibodies function.
20. What is a cytotoxic T cell? How does it work?
21. What is perforin?
22. What are monoclonal antibodies and how can they be used?
23. Describe the antigen/antibody reactions possible in blood transfusions.
24. Why is the immune system an issue in organ transplantation?
25. Describe the allergic response.
26. Explain the transmission, effects, and treatment of HIV and AIDS.
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