Amoeba
Single-Celled Organisms
Uses pseudopods (false feet) to move around and get its food
Paramecium
Most complex protist, moves by cilia (tiny hair-like structures), some contain chlorophyll
Volvox
Colony of ciliates, some contain chlorophyll
Euglena
Known for its eyespot and moves using a flagella (whip-like structure)
Parts Found in Plants and Animals
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
vacuoles
Organelles only in plant cells
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Function
Outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain material to move in/out of cell
A gel-like material inside the cell; contains water and nutrients
Directs the activity of a cell
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
“powerhouse” break down food and release energy to the cell
Storage areas for the cell
Function
Provides structure to the plant cell
Contain chlorophyll that makes food for the plant cell
Human Body System
Urinary system
Function
disposes of dissolved waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and
lungs aid in the transfer of thermal energy from the body (major organs: kidneys
Circulatory system
“Transportation system” moves substances to or from cells where they are needed or produced,
responding to changing demands (major organs: heart, blood)
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Provides the support for movement and protection of internal organs
Creates the force that enable the body to move and carry out different functions related to movement
Immune system
Nervous system
Protects cells from microscopic invaders
controls body processes by using electrical impulses via a network of nerves
Endocrine system
uses chemical messages called hormones, which are released into the blood and regulate many bodily
processes
Breaks down food into nutrients body needs (major organs: mouth, stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum, anus)
Enables organism to make more of its own kind
Takes in oxygen and carbon dioxide to help you breathe. (Major organs: lungs
Digestive system
Reproduction system
Respiratory system
Key Vocabulary
Gamete
Allele
Phenotype
Genotype
Recessive
Dominant
Chromosome
hybrid
Gene
Homozygous
Heterogenous
Trait
Types of Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic energy
Sound energy
Electromagnetic energy
Chemical energy
Thermal energy (heat)
Electrical Energy
Simple Machine
Lever
Pulley
Wheel and axle
Inclined plane
Wedge
Screw
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd
Law
Newton’s 3rd law
Definition
male and female sex cells, sperm and eggs
alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
the physical appearance of a trait in an organism
the genes of an organism; for one specific trait we use two letters to represent the genotype
trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
observed trait of an organism that mask the recessive form of a trait
Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation
offspring formed by parents having different forms of a specific trait
Segment of DNA that controls protein production and the cell cycle
When the 2 alleles are the same (2 dominant or 2 recessive)
when there are two different alleles for a trait
characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive
Description
Energy that is stored up
Energy in motion
Vibration of particles
Transmitted as EM waves and
produced by vibrations of electrically
charged particles
Energy stored in chemical bonds of
compounds
Energy of an object due to motion of
its molecules
Power created by electrons
Example
Stretched rubber band, gasoline
Moving a skateboard, blowing wind
Car horn
Light, x-rays, microwaves
Food, matches
fire, rubbing hands together, ice melting
Batteries, electricity
Description
has a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a
fulcrum
consists of a wheel over which a rope, chain, or
wire passes
A wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its
center lifts or moves loads
Example
Shovel, seesaw, baseball bat
Flat surface that is raised so that one end is higher
than the other
an object with at least one slanting side ending in
a sharp edge, which cuts material apart
Wheelchair ramp
holds things together or lifts materials
Screw, corkscrew
Elevator, rig on flagpole, window
blinds
Bike
Ax, doorstopper
an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object
in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force
Force=mass x acceleration
Ex: ball rolling will keep rolling until the unbalance
force(friction) stops it
The third law says that for every action (force) there
is an equal and opposite reaction (force).
If you push on a wall, there’s an = and opposite force pushing
back on you.
More force needed to move a bowling ball than a tennis ball
Prokaryote: organism without a nucleus
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a
cytoskeleton; have a nucleus
A system is a group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival.
System levels of organization progress from cells to tissues to organs and then systems. Systems work
alone and with other systems to allow your body to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis is a stable internal environment that allows you (and your cells) to survive.
A Punnett Square shows the genotype’s two individuals can produce when crossed (founded by Reginald
Punnett)
Gregor Mendel: father of genetics; studied pea plants
In humans, body cells have 46 chromosomes a piece (receive 23 from each parent)
The ONLY way for a recessive trait to show up in an organism is if that organism's genotype is
homozygous recessive (two little letters, like "rr").
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring and genetics is the study of
heredity.
A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that use symbols to represent people and lines to represent
genetic relationships
Meiosis — sexual reproduction; type of cell division where one body cell produces for gametes, each
containing half the number of chromosomes in a parent’s body. Ex: fertilization--male (sperm) and
female (egg) sex cells come together
Mitosis—asexual reproduction; nucleus undergoes cell division in which 2 daughter cells are formed,
each containing a complete of chromosomes Ex: budding—a cell or group of cells pinch off from the
parent to form a new individual
Mechanical Energy = sum of objects potential and kinetic energy
EX: cars’ moving energy or book resting on top of table
The faster molecules move = more thermal energy
Heat is energy transferred from object of higher temp to object of lower temp. (always flows from hot to
cold)
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; only transferred
from one from of energy to another. (energy transformation)
Temperature measured in degrees; thermometer is used to measure temperature
- Celsius Scale - most commonly used around the world; water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C
- Fahrenheit Scale- used in United States; water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F
A simple machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.
Compound machines are a combination 1 or more simple machines.
Mechanical advantage is the number of times the machine multiplies force.(output force/input force)
Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) is what is desired of a machine (usually 100%), where Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is what the machine actually does.
A complete circuit is made by a closed path through which an electric current flows or may flow.
Motion: a change in position, measured by distance and time.
Frame of reference: the point from which movement is determined. To measure movement, some point
must be considered as nonmoving. Earth is the most common frame of reference
Velocity: speed in a given direction.
Velocity gives distance, time, and the direction of travel.
Force: any push or pull.


Forces give energy to objects.
Forces cause a change in motion.
Friction: a force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching.
Gravity: the force of attraction between all objects in the universe.
Free fall - an object falling under the influence of gravity.

Near the surface of the earth all objects are accelerated by gravity at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s
Weight: the effect of gravity on an object’s mass (Weight a change due to gravity but mass does not
change.)
Momentum: the product of the mass of an object and its velocity.

All moving objects have momentum.
To calculate momentum, use the equation: Momentum = Mass x Velocity
An unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed or direction of motion, or both. If a force is
balanced, it is not moving.
Inertia is the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion. Likewise, inertia is the reason a moving
object stays in motion with the same velocity unless a force changes its speed or direction or both.
3 Ways heat is transferred
Conduction- transfer of heat from one object to another through DIRECT CONTACT
-warmer object transfers energy to cooler object until equal temp
- conductors – transfers heat well like metals
- insulators – poor conductors of heat such as wood, paper, and plastic foam
- Convection- transfer of heat by movement of liquid or gas
- increase of temp causes density of substance to decrease and move upward
- Radiation- transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
- Sun is biggest source of radiation heat transfer
Scientific method steps:
1. Define Problem or question
2. Gather information
3. Form hypothesis
4. Plan experiment and identify variables
5. Conduct experiment
6. Analyze and organize data
7. Draw conclusions and share results
-independent variable- factors that are changed or manipulated in an experiment (goes on X-axis:
horizontal);only ONE independent variable per experiment (EX: color of the light bulb)
- dependent variable- outcome variable or factor being measured or observed (goes on Y-axis:
vertical); EX: growth of plants
Graphs shows data in a visual way and makes it easier to understand the data.