Directions: Cut and paste in “Structure and Functions of Living Organisms” section of foldable
Parts Found in Plants and Animals
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Mitochondria
vacuoles
Organelles only in plant cells
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Human Body System
Urinary system
Circulatory system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Immune system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Digestive system
Reproduction system
Respiratory system
Function
Outer boundary of the cell and allows only
certain material to move in/out of cell
A gel-like material inside the cell; contains
water and nutrients
Directs the activity of a cell
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
“powerhouse” break down food and release
energy to the cell
Storage areas for the cell
Function
Provides structure to the plant cell
Contain chlorophyll that makes food for the
plant cell
Function
disposes of dissolved waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid
wastes, and the skin and lungs aid in the transfer of thermal energy from
the body (major organs: kidneys
“Transportation system” moves substances to or from cells where they are
needed or produced, responding to changing demands (major organs: heart,
blood)
Provides the support for movement and protection of internal organs
Creates the force that enable the body to move and carry out different
functions related to movement
Protects cells from microscopic invaders
controls body processes by using electrical impulses via a network of
nerves
uses chemical messages called hormones, which are released into the blood
and regulate many bodily processes
Breaks down food into nutrients body needs (major organs: mouth,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus)
Enables organism to make more of its own kind
Takes in oxygen and carbon dioxide to help you breathe. (Major organs:
lungs
Amoeba
Single-Celled Organisms
Uses pseudopods (false feet) to move around and
get its food
Paramecium
Most complex protist, moves by cilia (tiny hairlike structures), some contain chlorophyll
Volvox
Colony of ciliates, some contain chlorophyll
Euglena
Known for its eyespot and moves using a flagella
(whip-like structure)
Directions: Cut and paste in “Evolution and Genetics” section of foldable
Key Vocabulary
Gamete
Allele
Phenotype
Genotype
Recessive
Dominant
Chromosome
hybrid
Gene
Homozygous
Heterogenous
Trait
Definition
male and female sex cells, sperm and eggs
alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
the physical appearance of a trait in an organism
the genes of an organism; for one specific trait we use two letters to represent the genotype
trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
observed trait of an organism that mask the recessive form of a trait
Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to
generation
offspring formed by parents having different forms of a specific trait
Segment of DNA that controls protein production and the cell cycle
When the 2 alleles are the same (2 dominant or 2 recessive)
when there are two different alleles for a trait
characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive
Cut and paste in the “Energy Conservation” section of foldable (3 items)
Types of Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic energy
Description
Energy that is stored up
Energy in motion
Sound energy
Electromagnetic energy
Vibration of particles
Transmitted as EM waves and
produced by vibrations of electrically
charged particles
Energy stored in chemical bonds of
compounds
Energy of an object due to motion of
its molecules
Power created by electrons
Chemical energy
Thermal energy (heat)
Electrical Energy
Simple Machine
Lever
Pulley
Wheel and axle
Inclined plane
Wedge
Screw
Description
has a bar that pivots at a fixed point
called a fulcrum
consists of a wheel over which a
rope, chain, or wire passes
A wheel with a rod, called an axle,
through its center lifts or moves
loads
Flat surface that is raised so that one
end is higher than the other
an object with at least one slanting
side ending in a sharp edge, which
cuts material apart
holds things together or lifts
materials
Example
Stretched rubber band, gasoline
Moving a skateboard, blowing
wind
Car horn
Light, x-rays, microwaves
Food, matches
fire, rubbing hands together, ice
melting
Batteries, electricity
Example
Shovel, seesaw, baseball bat
Elevator, rig on flagpole, window
blinds
Bike
Wheelchair ramp
Ax, doorstopper
Screw, corkscrew
Cut and paste in the “Forces and Motion” section of foldable
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law
Newton’s 3rd law
an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in
motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force
Force=mass x acceleration
The third law says that for every action (force) there
is an equal and opposite reaction (force).
Ex: ball rolling will keep rolling
until the unbalance force(friction)
stops it
More force needed to move a
bowling ball than a tennis ball
If you push on a wall, there’s an =
and opposite force pushing back on
you.
DO NOT CUT OUT THE NOTES!!
Copy the following information in the “Structure and Functions of Living Organisms”
section of foldable
Prokaryote: organism without a nucleus
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal
membranes and a cytoskeleton; have a nucleus
A system is a group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for
survival. System levels of organization progress from cells to tissues to organs and then systems.
Systems work alone and with other systems to allow your body to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis is a stable internal environment that allows you (and your cells) to survive.
Copy the following information in the “Evolution and Genetics” section of foldable
A Punnett Square shows the genotype’s two individuals can produce when crossed (founded by
Reginald Punnett)
Gregor Mendel: father of genetics; studied pea plants
In humans, body cells have 46 chromosomes a piece (receive 23 from each parent)
The ONLY way for a recessive trait to show up in an organism is if that organism's genotype is
homozygous recessive (two little letters, like "rr").
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring and genetics is the study of
heredity.
A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that use symbols to represent people and lines to
represent genetic relationships
Meiosis — sexual reproduction; type of cell division where one body cell produces for gametes,
each containing half the number of chromosomes in a parent’s body. Ex: fertilization--male
(sperm) and female (egg) sex cells come together
Mitosis—asexual reproduction; nucleus undergoes cell division in which 2 daughter cells are
formed, each containing a complete of chromosomes Ex: budding—a cell or group of cells pinch
off from the parent to form a new individual
Copy the following information in the “Energy Conservation” section of foldable
Mechanical Energy = sum of objects potential and kinetic energy
EX: cars’ moving energy or book resting on top of table
The faster molecules move = more thermal energy
Heat is energy transferred from object of higher temp to object of lower temp. (always flows
from hot to cold)
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; only
transferred from one from of energy to another. (energy transformation)
Temperature measured in degrees; thermometer is used to measure temperature
- Celsius Scale - most commonly used around the world; water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C
- Fahrenheit Scale- used in United States; water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F
A simple machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.
Compound machines are a combination 1 or more simple machines.
Mechanical advantage is the number of times the machine multiplies force.(output force/input
force)
Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) is what is desired of a machine (usually 100%), where
Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is what the machine actually does.
A complete circuit is made by a closed path through which an electric current flows or may flow.
Copy the following notes in “Forces and Motion” Section of Foldable
Motion: a change in position, measured by distance and time.
Frame of reference: the point from which movement is determined. To measure movement, some
point must be considered as nonmoving. Earth is the most common frame of reference
Velocity: speed in a given direction.
Velocity gives distance, time, and the direction of travel.
Force: any push or pull.


Forces give energy to objects.
Forces cause a change in motion.
Friction: a force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching.
Gravity: the force of attraction between all objects in the universe.
Free fall - an object falling under the influence of gravity.

Near the surface of the earth all objects are accelerated by gravity at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s
Weight: the effect of gravity on an object’s mass (Weight a change due to gravity but mass does
not change.)
Momentum: the product of the mass of an object and its velocity.

All moving objects have momentum.
To calculate momentum, use the equation: Momentum = Mass x Velocity
An unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed or direction of motion, or both. If a
force is balanced, it is not moving.
Inertia is the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion. Likewise, inertia is the reason a
moving object stays in motion with the same velocity unless a force changes its speed or
direction or both.
Copy notes in the “Earth Systems” section of the foldable
3 Ways heat is transferred
Conduction- transfer of heat from one object to another through DIRECT CONTACT
-warmer object transfers energy to cooler object until equal temp
- conductors – transfers heat well like metals
- insulators – poor conductors of heat such as wood, paper, and plastic foam
- Convection- transfer of heat by movement of liquid or gas
- increase of temp causes density of substance to decrease and move upward
- Radiation- transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
- Sun is biggest source of radiation heat transfer
Copy on the back of your foldable:
Scientific method steps:
1. Define Problem or question
2. Gather information
3. Form hypothesis
4. Plan experiment and identify variables
5. Conduct experiment
6. Analyze and organize data
7. Draw conclusions and share results
-independent variable- factors that are changed or manipulated in an experiment (goes on X-axis:
horizontal);only ONE independent variable per experiment (EX: color of the light bulb)
- dependent variable- outcome variable or factor being measured or observed (goes on Y-axis:
vertical); EX: growth of plants
Graphs shows data in a visual way and makes it easier to understand the data.