Type
Shield volcano
Volcano
Mauna Loa,
Hawaii
Details
Credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Mauna_Loa_Volcano.jpg
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Look at the above picture: Wide extent and gentle slopes 
imagine the great distance the lava had flowed before solidifying!
Means ‘Long Mountain’ in the Hawaiian language and it truly lives
up to its name because it stretches about 120km
Largest volcano on Earth, covers half of the island of Hawaii
Approximately 4170m high above sea level
A really good website for those who want to know more about the
Mauna Loa/ other Hawaiian volcanoes:
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/
Hazards brought by the Mauna Loa:
o 33 eruptions since 1843  produced lava flows covering
806 km2 of the Island of Hawaii
o 5 eruptions  generated lava flows  reached the west
coast of Hawaii, one flow poured into the sea from the
southwest rift zone 15 km away in less than 3 hours
o 1880-81: Northeast side of the volcano  land now within
the city limits of Hilo was covered by lava
o 1984: Lava flow reached to within 6.5 km of the outskirts of
the city
o Since 1984, more than $2.3 billion have been invested in
new construction on the slopes of Mauna Loa, and the
amount increases daily
o Mauna Loa will certainly erupt again, most likely within a
few years to a few decades
Credit: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/hazards/main.html
Acid Volcano
Mount Mayon,
Philippines
Credit: http://www.asianpictures.org/images/1024x768/mayon_volcano.jpg
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Look at the above picture: the steep symmetrical slopes ending
with a sharp peak show its majestic structure
Located in Luzon
Approximately 2440m high
Most active volcano in the Philippines
A stratovolcano, the cone-shaped variety that are both the most
beautiful and often the most deadly
Hazards:
o Latest eruption on 7 May 2013
 Sent a cloud of ash and rocks 500m into the sky
 Lasted about 73 seconds
 Five killed and seven injured
 Those who died were hit by the rocks that rained
down on them after the ash blast
Credit: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22430378
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Eruption on 1 Feb 1814
 Partially or wholly destroyed many villages in
Albay and Camarines
 Hot stones, sand, and ashes were poured forth
from the crater, and villages were thus set on fire,
and their inhabitants killed
 The slain numbered 12,000, besides many more
seriously injured; and those who escaped lost all
their possessions.
 Its slopes previously so picturesque and cultivated
could be seen covered with sand; the blanket of
rocks and sand had a thickness of from 10 to 12
yards (Credit: http://opinion.inquirer.net/52185/the-mayon-eruption-of1814)
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The most fertile and beautiful districts of
Camarines were converted into a desert of sand
Credit: http://opinion.inquirer.net/52185/the-mayon-eruption-of1814#ixzz2snzbiXNd
Composite
Volcano/
Stratovolcano
Mount
Vesuvius, Italy
(not the most
important
example)
Steeper slopes at the top
Gentler slopes at the bas
Credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/2ikipedia/commons/5/58/Naplesbay01.jpg
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Look at the above picture: The slopes at the summit are steeper
than those near the base
Elevation of 1281m
Today’s population around Mt. Vesuvius is about 3 million, which is
potentially catastrophic in the area of such a dangerous volcano
 Hazards:
o In such an eruption a column of various is ejected into the
atmosphere, creating what looks like a mushroom cloud
o Column is projected to have reached about 66,000 feet in
height
o Ash and pumice spread by the winds rained for about 18
hours
o Buildings started to collapse and people began to escape
o Then came high temperature, high velocity gases and
dust, and more seismic activity
Refer to Geofile on wikispaces:
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Composite
Volcano/
Stratovolcano
Composite
Volcano/
Stratovolcano
Mt. St. Helens,
USA
Mt. Pinatubo,
Philippines
http://3o23a2geog.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/detail/ga290%20Eruption%20of%20Mt%20Etna.pdf
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An active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon
Tall, steep sides formed from layers of volcanic ash, pumice and
hardened lava
Mount Pinatubo’s eruption on 15th June 1991 was one of the
largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century
o It is estimated that ash was propelled more than 30 km into
the air and pyroclastic flows (a current of hot gas and
rocks) extend more than 10 km from the summit of Mount
Pinatubo
o The ash cloud from the 1991 eruption covered an area of
more than 100,000 sq km and the island of Luzon was
plunged into darkness
o The eruption was about ten times as powerful as the
eruption of Mt St Helens in 1980
o Even though thousands of people were evacuated, more
than 800 people were killed during the 1991 eruption
o The situation was made worse because Typhoon Yunya
was affecting the Philippines at the same time as the
eruption of Mount Pinatubo
o The eruption formed a crater lake called Lake Pinatubo
o Please read for more info:
http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/pinatubo.htm
Composite
Volcano/
Stratovolcano
Mt. Merapi,
Philippines
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Active stratovolcano
Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages
as high as 1,700 metres above sea level
One of the world's most active volcanoes, is located in a densely
populated area in central Java
Worst eruption in a century took place on 3 Nov 2010
o Credit: http://blogs.sacbee.com/photos/2010/11/mount-merapis-worst-eruption-i.htm,
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesias-mt-merapi-has-biggest-eruption-yet/,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11699945,
http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/post-5/41228
o
o
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o
Biggest volcanic blast yet, spewing hot clouds up to six
miles away
The heat clouds went down the slopes as far as 13km and
the explosion was heard as far as 20 kilometres away
A morning eruption that sent searing gas clouds down the
volcano's scorched flanks
The volcano started erupting Oct. 26 and most of the 38
deaths occurred the first day, total of at least 240 deaths,
rescuers have been finding bodies in the streets and in
front of homes
The hospitals are full and doctors have had to turn people
Composite
Volcano/
Stratovolcano
Eyjafjallajökull,
Iceland
specific to the
eruption in
2010
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away. Some of the victims are burned over 95 percent of
their bodies.
o The government widened the danger zone to 9 miles from
6 miles
o An estimated 75,000 residents have been evacuated from
the area. As of 7th November, more than 390,000 people
who live on the mountain slope have been evacuated
since the volcanic activity began on Wednesday
o Mount Merapi's morning blast spewed hot ash and fiery
rocks three miles down the mountain's largely evacuated
slopes
o Many of the dead are believed to be children from
Argomulyo village, 18km from the crater
o The authorities have decided to widen the "danger zone"
around the crater from 15 km to 20km
Formed by the divergence of the mid-oceanic ridge: the N. Atlantic
Plate and Eurasian Plate
Ash and roughly thirty-story-tall lava fountains shoot from a 0.8kilometer-long rupture in the icy cap of southern Iceland's
Eyjafjallajokull volcano early Sunday
Because volcanic ash can cripple jet engines, flights were not
allowed in Icelandic airspace Sunday
The geology of Iceland, though, is anything but normal. The
volcanic island lies just south of the Arctic Circle atop the MidAtlantic Ridge, where two tectonic plates are forever pulling apart.
Magma from deep inside Earth rushes upward, filling the gaps and
fueling Iceland's volcanic eruptions, which occur about once every
five years.
PLEASE READ:
http://3o23a2geog.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/detail/GA464%20Iceland%20Volcanic%20Eruption%2020
10.pdf
Hotspot
Volcanoes
Supervolcanoes
Hawaiian
islands
Yellowstone
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PLEASE READ: http://3o23a2geog.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/detail/GF526%20Hot...pdf
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Its name means ‘cooking pot’ or ‘cauldron’ and it is formed when
land collapses following a volcanic explosion.
In Yellowstone, some 400 miles beneath the Earth’s surface is a
magma ‘hotspot’ which rises to 30 miles underground before
spreading out over an area of 300 miles across.
Atop this, but still beneath the surface, sits the slumbering volcano.
PLEASE REFER TO POWERPOINT SLIDES to know what a
supervolcano is:
http://3o23a2geog.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/detail/Supervolcanoes.pptx
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Credit: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1350340/Super-volcano-YellowstonesNational-Park-soon-erupt.html#ixzz2soZhFjNz