Physics 1402
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CHAPTER 17
Electric Forces and Fields 545
17.1 Evidence for Electric Forces: The Observational Facts 546
17.2 Electric Forces and Coulomb’s Law 547
17.3 The Electric Field 553
17.4 Conductors, Insulators, and the Motion of Electric Charge 558
17.5 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law 563
17.6 Applications: DNA Fingerprinting 571
17.7 “Why Is Charge Quantized?” and Other Deep Questions 572
CHAPTER 18
Electric Potential 583
18.1 Electric Potential Energy 584
18.2 Electric Potential: Voltage 589
18.3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces 598
18.4 Capacitors 600
18.5 Dielectrics 607
18.6 Electricity in the Atmosphere 610
18.7 Biological Examples and Applications 611
18.8 Electric Potential Energy Revisited: Where Is the Energy? 612
CHAPTER 19
Electric Currents and Circuits 623
19.1 Electric Current: The Flow of Charge 624
19.2 Batteries 625
19.3 Current and Voltage in a Resistor Circuit 628
19.4 DC Circuits: Batteries, Resistors, and Kirchhoff’s Rules 633
19.5 DC Circuits: Adding Capacitors 646
19.6 Making Electrical Measurements: Ammeters and Voltmeters 652
19.7 RC Circuits as Filters 652
19.8 Electric Currents in the Human Body 654
19.9 Household Circuits 655
19.10 Temperature Dependence of Resistance and Superconductivity 657
CHAPTER 20
Magnetic Fields and Forces 668
20.1 Sources of Magnetic Fields 669
20.2 Magnetic Forces Involving Bar Magnets 673
20.3 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 674
20.4 Magnetic Force on an Electric Current 679
20.5 Torque on a Current Loop and Magnetic Moments 682
20.6 Motion of Charged Particles in the Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields 683
20.7 Calculating the Magnetic Field: Ampère’s Law 686
20.8 Magnetic Materials: What Goes On Inside? 690
20.9 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 694
20.10 Applications of Magnetism 696
20.11 The Puzzle of a Velocity-Dependent Force 699
CHAPTER 21
Magnetic Induction 712
21.1 Why Is It Called Electromagnetism? 713
21.2 Magnetic Flux and Faraday’s Law 714
21.3 Lenz’s Law and Work–Energy Principles 721
21.4 Inductance 726
21.5 RL Circuits 729
21.6 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 732
21.7 Applications 735
21.8 The Puzzle of Induction from a Distance 739
CHAPTER 22
Alternating-Current Circuits and Machines 749
22.1 Generation of AC Voltages 750
22.2 Analysis of AC Resistor Circuits 752
22.3 AC Circuits with Capacitors 757
22.4 AC Circuits with Inductors 760
22.5 LC Circuits 762
22.6 Resonance 764
22.7 AC Circuits and Impedance 767
22.8 Frequency-Dependent Behavior of AC Circuits: A Conceptual Recap 769
22.9 Transformers 772
22.10 Motors 774
22.11 What Can AC Circuits Do That DC Circuits Cannot? 776
CHAPTER 23
Electromagnetic Waves 788
23.1 The Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves 789
23.2 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 790
23.3 Electromagnetic Waves Carry Energy and Momentum 792
23.4 Types of Electromagnetic Radiation: The Electromagnetic Spectrum 797
23.5 Generation and Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 802
23.6 Polarization 806
23.7 Doppler Effect 811
23.8 Deep Concepts and Puzzles Connected with Electromagnetic Waves 814
CHAPTER 24
Geometrical Optics 823
24.1 Ray (Geometrical) Optics 824
24.2 Reflection from a Plane Mirror: The Law of Reflection 825
24.3 Refraction 828
24.4 Reflections and Images Produced by Curved Mirrors 835
24.5 Lenses 844
24.6 How the Eye Works 850
24.7 Optics in the Atmosphere 855
24.8 Aberrations 856
CHAPTER 25
Wave Optics 868
25.1 Coherence and Conditions for Interference 869
25.2 The Michelson Interferometer 872
25.3 Thin-Film Interference 875
25.4 Light through a Single Slit: Qualitative Behavior 881
25.5 Double-Slit Interference: Young’s Experiment 882
25.6 Single-Slit Diffraction: Interference of Light from a Single Slit 885
25.7 Diffraction Gratings 889
25.8 Optical Resolution and the Rayleigh Criterion 892
25.9 Why Is the Sky Blue? 897
25.10 The Nature of Light: Wave or Particle? 898
CHAPTER 26
Applications of Optics 908
26.1 Applications of a Single Lens: Contact Lenses, Eyeglasses, and the Magnifying
Glass 908
26.2 Microscopes 916
26.3 Telescopes 920
26.4 Cameras 927
26.5 CDs and DVDs 934
26.6 Optical Fibers 936
26.7 Microscopy with Optical Fibers 939
CHAPTER 27
Relativity 946
27.1 Newton’s Mechanics and Relativity 947
27.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity 948
27.3 Time Dilation 949
27.4 Simultaneity Is Not Absolute 955
27.5 Length Contraction 956
27.6 Addition of Velocities 960
27.7 Relativistic Momentum 962
27.8 What Is “Mass”? 964
27.9 Mass and Energy 965
27.10 The Equivalence Principle and General Relativity970
27.11 Relativity and Electromagnetism 973
27.12 Why Relativity Is Important 975
CHAPTER 28
Quantum Theory 982
28.1 Particles, Waves, and “Particle-Waves” 982
28.2 Photons 985
28.3 Wavelike Properties of Classical Particles 993
28.4 Electron Spin 996
28.5 The Meaning of the Wave Function 998
28.6 Tunneling Detect 1003
28.7 Detection of Photons by the Eye 1005
28.8 The Nature of Quanta: A Few Puzzles 1006
CHAPTER 29
Atomic Theory 1013
29.1 Structure of the Atom: What’s Inside? 1014
29.2 Atomic Spectra 1018
29.3 Bohr’s Model of the Atom 1021
29.4 Wave Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom 1028
29.5 Multielectron Atoms 1031
29.6 Chemical Properties of the Elements and the Periodic Table
29.7 Applications 1037
29.8 Quantum Mechanics and Newton’s Mechanics: Some Philosophical Issues 1042
CHAPTER 30
Nuclear Physics 1048
30.1 Structure of the Nucleus: What’s Inside? 1049
30.2 Nuclear Reactions: Spontaneous Decay of a Nucleus 1053
30.3 Stability of the Nucleus: Fission and Fusion 1064
30.4 Biological Effects of Radioactivity 1071
30.5 Applications of Nuclear Physics in Medicine and Other Fields 1075
30.6 Questions about the Nucleus 1078
CHAPTER 31
Physics in the 21st Century 1087
31.1 Cosmic Rays 1088
31.2 Matter and Antimatter 1089
31.3 Quantum Electrodynamics 1092
31.4 Elementary Particle Physics: The Standard Model 1093
31.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 1098
31.6 Elementary Particle Physics: Is This the Final Answer? 1102
31.7 Astrophysics and the Universe 1103
31.8 Physics and Interdisciplinary Science 1106
Appendix A: Reference Tables A-1
Appendix B: Mathematical Review A-8 Answers to Concept Checks and Odd-Numbered
Problems A-13 Index I-1