Syllabus
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
B. PHARM SEM III
COURSE NAME: PHARMACEUTICS - II (UNIT OPERATIONS - II)
Learning Outcomes
 Upon completion of the course, learner would be able to understand the theoretical concepts and
principles used in unit operations and process and correlate them with various practical applications
in pharmaceutical industries in the process of formulations of various pharmaceutical products like
tablets, capsule, and other liquid preparations etc.
 Learner will able to justify the selection of proper instrument used for development of desired product
by having hands on and knowing construction, working, application, merits and demerits of various
instruments.
 Learner will able to know industrial hazards, and safety precaution measures for it and get familiar
with working of pharmaceutical industry by understanding automated process control systems.
Theory
1.
2.
3.
4
5
6.
L P C
3 3 5
Evaporation
Basic concept of phase equilibria, factors affecting evaporation, heat transfer in evaporators,
Duhring’s Rule and Raoult’s law, evaporators, natural circulation, forced circulation & film
evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems
Distillation
Physical concepts, vapour liquid equilibrium relationship, volatility & relative volatility, simple
steam and flash distillations, batch and continuous distillation, rectification distillation coloumns
and their efficiency, McCabe thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates,
azeotropic, molecular & steam distillation, mathematical problems
Size Reduction
Objectives and theory of size reduction, factors influencing size reduction, energy aspects in size
reduction, study of various mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc., study of
latest industrial mills used in manufacturing of various dosage forms, their applications, numerical
problems.
Size Separation
Principles of size separation, screen and its standards as per pharmacopoeia, screening equipments
including shaking & vibrating screens, gyratory screens, sedimentation type industrial separators
etc.
Mixing
Theory of mixing, mixing mechanisms, solid – solid, solid – liquid and liquid – liquid mixing
equipments. Study of latest mixers used in manufacturing of solid, liquid and semisolid dosage
forms in industry, applications in Pharmacy.
Crystallization
Formation of crystals, super saturation theory, factors affecting crystallization process,. Study of
various types of crystallizers. Problem in crystallization process, methods for prevention of
caking of crystals, crystal growth. Co-crystals. Advance in crystal technology with respect to API
and excipients, Spherical crystallization. Numerical problems on yields, a brief study of spherical
7.
1.
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
crystallization process.
Leaching and Extraction
Principle, theory, types of extraction, solvents used for extraction, leaching and extraction
equipments, small scale and large scale extraction methods, special extraction techniques,
application in pharmaceutical industry.
Total Lectures
45
Practicals
To study Material balance in evaporation
To study Rectification and steam distillation
To Study of Mier’s super solubility curve for given substances
To Determine particle size distribution for a given sample using Stoke’s law, sieving method,
microscopic method
To Perform liquid-liquid extraction, study of percolation method, break through capacity of cationic
exchange resin etc.
To Demonstrate spherical crystallization process,planetary mixer, ball mill, colloid mill, industrial
crystalizer etc.
To study mixing efficiency in solid-solid mixer and liquid-liquid mixer
To study power requirement for given mill
Other practicals related with theory section.
Total hours
45
Books Recommended
Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn, ed. S.J.Carter, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, by McCabe, Smith & Harriott, McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.
Gennaro, Alfonso R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Vol-I & II, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, New York.
Pharmaceutics : The Science of Dosage Form Design - M.E. Aulton.
The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy – Lachman L., Lieberman H.A. & Kanjig J.L, Varghese
Publishing House, Bombay.
Rawlins, E. A., Bently’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, 8th edition, Bailliere Tindall, London, All India
Traveller Book Seller, New Delhi, 2002
Perry, Robert H., Green, Don W., Maloney, James O., Perry’s Chemical Engineering ‘s Handbook, McGrawHill, Inc., New York, 1998
Alfonso G. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy. Vol.I & II, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Philadelphia.
Florence, A. T. Atwood, D. (Eds.) Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, Macmillan Press Ltd., London.
Ansel, Howard. C., Allen, Loyd V., Popovich, Nicholas G. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York.
Aulton, Michael E., Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design, Chrchill Livingstone, London.
Introduction to Chemical Engineering by Walter L. Badger & Julius T. Banchero, Mcgraw Hill International
edition, New Delhi.
Hicky, Anthony, J., Ganderton David., Pharmaceutical Process Engineering ,.Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York ,
2001