Name:
Period:
Biology
Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell
Concept 6.1

A _______________________________ is the smallest unit of life.

They can vary in size, shape and function
(___________________________________________________ determines
function).

The light _________________________________________________ led the way
to knowledge of the cell.
Microscopes:

A ____________________________________________ microscope magnifies
objects (specimens) ~1000x their size. Most cellular structures
_______________________________________ be seen.
o You will work with a light microscope in the lab.

________________________________________________ microscopes give more
detail and magnify a million times the object’s size.
o However, the organism _______________________ when using an electron
microscope.
There are 2 types of electron microscopes:

A _____________________________________________ electron microscope
(SEM) gives a ________________ image of a specimen/object.

A ______________________________________________ electron microscope
(TEM) transmits ____________________________________ to view the interior
of an object.
A history lesson:

Robert _______________________________________________ (1665) named the
_____________________________ after looking at cork under the microscope.

Anton ________________________________________________________ (LAYvon-hohk) (1670’s) developed a simple light microscope & discovered
__________________________________________________ organisms and called
them “little beasties”.
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
Page 1
Name:
Period:

Rudolf _________________________________________________ (1855) stated
that all cells came from pre-existing
__________________________________________ (a.k.a. Cell Theory).
The Cell Theory (Virchow) has 3 basic principles:

______________________________________ are the basic units of life.

All organisms are made of ___________________________________________
cells.

All cells arise from _____________________________________________ cells.
Concept 6.1, 6.4-6.6 Cell Structures:
Note: Not all of these are in your text! Order is not the same.

All cells have an enclosure called a cell, or
______________________________________________ membrane.
o This functions as the _________________________________________ and
controls what enters and exits the cell.
o It is mainly composed of _______________________________________ and
proteins.

Within the cell is the _______________________________________. This is a
semifluid substance that contains the organelles.

The ____________________________________________ are small structures that
have specific functions within the cells.

The ____________________________________________ is a protein network within
the cytoplasm that helps support the cell and helps the cell maintain or change its
shape. It also
o _______________________________________ organelles
o Enables the cell to _____________________________________
o Allows materials to move throughout the cell
o Composed of _________________________________________ &
microfilaments

The ______________________________________________ is the control center of
the cell
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
Page 2
Name:
Period:
o It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
o It contains the _______________________________________________.
There are ______________________ chromosomes in the human nucleus (in
every cell of the human body). The chromosomes are the
___________________________________ (genetic material).

The nucleus is only found in_______________________________________________
cells!

The nucleus contains the _____________________________________________ (if
more than 1, nucleoli).
o Nucleolus: makes ____________________________________________

Ribosomes

make proteins.
2 Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells

___________________________________________

_______________________ organelles (membrane-bound structures)

Contained w/in cell membrane & cell wall, contain ribosomes, 1
______________________________________________ chromosome in
______________________________________________ (NO nucleus) &
______________________________________________ (extra pieces of DNA)
Eukaryotic Cells

Protists, Fungi, _____________________________, &
_________________________________________

Contained w/in cell membrane (may have a cell wall)

Contain _________________________________________ & other membranebound organelles

Means ‘______________________________________________________’
There are 2 types of cells:
1. Prokaryotes: These are bacteria (in Kingdom __________________________________).

Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
They are ____________________________________________ organisms.
Page 3
Name:
Period:

These were the _______________________________ cells. They are very
small cells and are very simple cells.
2. Eukaryotes: found in all other kingdoms except Monera.

These have a nucleus (as well as a cell membrane and the majority of the
organelles being discussed, depending on the type of organism).

Ribosomes make _____________________________________ from amino
acids; can be found suspended within the cytoplasm or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. (not really organelles; these are cellular
components)

The _______________________________________________ (ER) is a
network of membrane that produces materials for the cell. There are 2
types:
o The __________________________________ ER contains
ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis and makes new cell
membrane.
o The smooth ER makes _________________________________,
process carbohydrates and breaks down
____________________________________.

The __________________________________________ apparatus is
composed of flat membranous save that modify, package and distribute
molecules (warehouse of the cell).

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that have various functions.
o Some ________________________________ food, water, proteins,
ions, or wastes. Generally these are
_______________________________ and centralized.

__________________________________________contain digestive
enzymes that break down large molecules and old organelles that the cell
no longer needs.

___________________________________________, double-membranebound organelles, perform photosynthesis.
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
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Name:
Period:
o This is the process of making ______________________________
(synthesis) in the presence of ______________________________
(photo).
o Plants (some bacteria & protists) make their own food (a.k.a.
___________________________________________).

The ___________________________________________ is the “powerhouse
of the cell” b/c it changes stored enter from food into useable chemical
energy (_____________________________) for chemical reactions.
o ATP = adenosine triphosphate (energy
‘______________________________________________’ of cells)
o The chemical reactions are
________________________________________________________.
Cellular Structures

______________________________are short hair-like projections that are
in the surface on the cell usually in large number. (NOT organelles)
o Beat in __________________________________ and aid in the
cell’s movement or in the movement of fluid over the cell.

Flagella are long _______________________________ projections that
are on the surface of the cell. (NOT organelles)
o Usually 1 to 3 of these.
o In prokaryotic cells, they spin like
________________________________________________.
o In eukaryotic cells, they move like
________________________________________________.
Plants differ from animal cells. In plants:

A cell _________________________________ surrounds the cell membrane.

The cell wall is a rigid outer covering that protects and maintains the
__________________________________________ of the plant cell.

Fungi, algae (a type of protist) and bacteria also have cell walls but the
composition is different.
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
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Name:
Period:

Plants _____________________________________________ lysosomes.

Animals are __________________________________________________, meaning
they must consume food.
Animal cells:

__________________________________ a cell wall but have cytoskeletons for
structural support.

__________________________________ chloroplasts

Contain small vacuoles (instead of a large centralized one)

Have _______________________________________________________
BOTH Animal and Plant Cells Contain:

Organelles previously mentioned (nucleus, ER, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,
etc)

________________________________________________________________

______________________________ (in chromosomes)
Concept 6.2 & 6.3

Cell/plasma membrane is composed of a
_____________________________________________________________________
(2 layers of phospholipids) with proteins interspersed.

Phospholipids have a __________________________________________ head &
hydrophobic _____________________________________

Fluid & flexible
Membrane Functions

Cell membranes are __________________________________________________.
This means that some things pass through the membrane while others cannot
pass through (this depends on the ______________________________ &
______________________________________ of the molecule).

Passive transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane
_____________________________________________ energy input.

Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane
_____________________________________________ the input of energy.
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
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Name:
Period:

Concentration=[ ].

Molecules move from a _________________________________ [ ] gradient to a
______________________________________ [ ] gradient.

A [ ] gradient is the difference between the [ ] of a particular molecule in 1 area
and its [ ] in an adjacent area.

The rate of diffusion depends on _______________________________________
and ____________________________________ of molecules involved (molecules
move faster at higher temperatures and smaller molecules move faster than larger
molecules).

Once molecules are dispersed evenly,
__________________________________________is reached and diffusion stops.
Passive Transport

__________________________________________ is the movement of molecules
from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of molecules with the help of a
______________________________________ protein embedded within a cell
membrane.

Osmosis is the diffusion of __________________________________.

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are all type of passive transport.
These do ____________________________ require energy (occur spontaneously).
Active transport in cells usually occurs with the help of
_________________________________________________________ but
____________________________________________ energy. An example is the sodiumpotassium pump (Na+/K+ pump).
When comparing 2 solutions with a membrane between them, there are 3 types of solutions:

________________________________________________: the fluid outside a cell
has a higher [solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water
diffuses out of the cell.
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
Page 7
Name:
Period:

Isotonic: the [solute] outside the cell= the [solute] inside the cell. In this case, no
osmosis will occur.

__________________________________________________: the fluid outside a
cell has a lower [solute] than the cytoplasm inside the cell. In this case, water
will move inside the cell.
Bulk Transport:
1. _____________________________________________________: exo=exit; cyto=cell

Wastes and cell products are packaged in vesicles by the golgi apparatus.

The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and leave the cell
2. _____________________________________________________: endo=within; cyto=cell

A portion of the cell membrane surrounds a substance outside of the cell &
pinches off to form a vesicle

The vesicle moves inward and fuses with other organelles

This includes
o Pinocytosis: cell
_____________________________________________________
o Phagocytosis: cell
____________________________________________________
Biology, Ch. 6 Cell
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