Group #2, Page 1
Group #2
Dr. Alexandria Lockett
EnglishClass.SectionNumber
Month 00, 20XX
[Penn State: Fill Up!]
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES………………………………………………………………2
CHAPTER I- Introduction………………………………………………………………....3
CHAPTER II- Problem: The Mass Effects of Plastic Use………………………………....6
Introduction………………………………………………………………………..6
National/Global Problem…………………………………………………………..6
Local Problem……………………………………………………………………..7
CHAPTER III- Solution: Penn State, Fill Up! ……………………………………………8
Plan………………………………………………………………………………..8
Similar Examples………………………………………………………………...11
Limitations……………………………………………………………………….14
Benefits…………………………………………………………………………..16
Environmental Benefits………………………………………………….16
Personal Benefits………………………………………………………...17
Global Impacts…………………………………………………………...18
CHAPTER IV- Conclusion………………………………………………………………20
WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………….21
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List of Table/Figures
Figure 1: Water Bottle Prototype………………………………………………………….9
Figure 2: Front of Brochure……………………………………………………………...10
Figure 3: Back of Brochure………………………………………………………………10
Figure 4: Water Filling Station (Kelley, Emily C.)……………………………………....13
Figure 5: Waste Count ("Water Bottle Filling Station”)…………………………………13
Figure 6: Quantity of Reusable and Plastic Water Bottles (Anderson, Elizabeth L)…….14
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
Recycling seems much more available to Americans than in the past. Many cities
conveniently place bins outside of apartment complexes, businesses, and street
corners. The average consumer may feel a little bit better tossing their plastic bottle into
the recycle bin instead of the garbage, imagining that they spare the landfills with just an
ounce of space. However, the state of environmental catastrophes in recent American
history are so monumental that we need bolder solutions.
Many children may remember Earth Day as filled with craft projects, guest
speakers, and ‘lights out’. However, now they will remember sea life coated in oil, statesized amounts of oily ocean, and fire rising from water. The Deepwater Horizon Oil
Spill in 2010 was the largest oil catastrophe in human history. Ironically, at least 200
million barrels littered the Gulf on April 22--Earth Day. Despite this event, the average
American continues to use petroleum-based products. One of the most wasteful items of
petroleum is a plastic water bottle.
Every day plastic bottles are produced and wasted, which increases pollution. In
2006, two billion half-liter bottles of water were shipped to America. Manufacturing,
transporting, and disposing plastic water bottles consumes 15-17 barrels of oil a year,
which is enough oil to fuel 100,000 cars each year ("Bottled Water”). The pollution
contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. Currently, there is a hole that resides over
the polar regions of the Earth that is three times the United States. (Shah, Anup). As a
result, icebergs melt causing ocean waters to rise and cities to break record all time high
temperatures. For example, thirteen different cities in Texas have experienced their
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record high in just the past three days. Livingston, Texas broke its previous record of 104
degrees Fahrenheit and now its all time high record is 107 degrees Fahrenheit ("Record
Extremes"). Organisms need the ozone layer to stay in contact because it protects
everything living on Earth from the sun’s harmful radiation from the sun (Ekwurzel, B.,
N. Cole, and S. Shaw). If more people stopped using plastic water bottles, the amount of
pollution emitted into the atmosphere could be decreased.
Although in the United States recycling is made available for all citizens, not
everybody takes advantage of it. A countless number of people simply toss their
recyclable trash item into a regular trashcan, not wanting to take those few extra steps to
recycle. Because of citizens’ unwillingness to act on recycling, nearly 86% of water
bottles used in the United States ends up in landfills. This plastic waste is clogging our
landfills, taking up to 450 years to decompose ("Time It Takes for Garbage to
Decompose into the Environment”). Sixty million water bottles are used each day, most
of them going into landfills, and are contributing to the massive amount of waste that has
been built up over time (Ellsbury, Hannah).
These Water bottles are not only a threat to the environment, but also to human
health. A harmful chemical that disrupts testosterone and other hormones in a human
body, called phthalates, has been scientifically proven to leak into bottled water after
being stored for ten weeks. Plastic bottles also contain bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical
that is linked to cause different cancers, bisphenol A ("FAQs on Bisphenol-A (BPA)”).
However, a simple solution to this concern would be to use BPA-free water bottles,
which would eliminate the presence of the harmful chemical.
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Starting out with a simple change to face this ongoing problem, we would be able
to make a large difference in moving towards a solution. Environmental and human
health are major factors of the issue that can be improved by reducing the use of plastic
water bottles in people’s daily routine. Most of the upcoming leaders of our world are all
present in one location, college. This is an ideal location to teach students about national
problems and how enormous of a problem sustainability is becoming. By becoming
informed about how harmful plastic water bottles are for them, students would more
likely refrain from or at least decrease the amount of plastic they consume. It would be
helpful to spread facts such as how it takes two thousand times more energy to produce
plastic water bottles then it does to power tap water (Ellsbury, Hannah). Becoming
educated and alarmed by facts like this, students would hopefully spread awareness about
the importance of decreasing the amount of plastic being used. Decreasing the amount of
plastic water bottles used, it would create a domino effect. Specifically, manufacturers
would in turn decrease the amount of plastic they create, ultimately lowering the amount
of production. This plan would be a major step forward in benefitting the Earth
tremendously. In attempt to lower the amount of plastic being consumed, Penn State
students could try and eliminate the use of the substance by replacing it with stainless
steel BPA water bottles. Our claim is to discourage the use of plastic water bottles at
Penn State because it would encourage students to practice sustainability.
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CHAPTER II
Problem: The Mass Effects of Plastic Waste
Introduction
Despite some growth in environmental consciousness, plastic waste continues to
increase. In the United States alone, water consumption from plastic bottles grew from
10.5 million gallons in 1993 to 30 million gallons in 2006 (King, Mike). Since both the
production and disposal of plastic water bottles negatively impact the environment, the
expanding usage is elevating the concern.
National/Global Problem
During production, oil is a necessary raw material for the production of plastic
water bottles. In fact, in order to produce enough water bottles for American
consumption, the equivalent of more than seventeen million barrels of oil is essential, not
including the oil consumed for transportation (Peter, Gleick). The more water bottles that
are created, the more oil is consumed. In addition to oil consumption, the release of
carbon dioxide is a byproduct of water bottle manufacturing. The creation of two plastic
water bottles results in the emission of one kilogram of CO2 into the atmosphere (“What
Is a Carbon Footprint”). Energy is required for any system of production. In fact,
enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for six hours is the equivalent to creating
one plastic water bottle (Fox, Catherine C).
Besides the production harming the environment, humans contribute to harming
the environment through their usage of plastic water bottles. Americans managed to
consume 8.8 billion gallons of bottled water in the year 2007. Every five minutes in that
same year, Americans used two million plastic water bottles (Palliser, J). The high
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amount of usage goes hand in hand with the disposal, which drastically harms the
environment. Due to the high consumption rates, plastic water bottles flood regular
trash. This clogs the landfills since plastic beverage bottles take 450 years to fully
decompose ("Time It Takes for Garbage to Decompose into the Environment”).
Eventually, when they do degrade into the environment, the chemicals from the plastic
water bottles pollute the Earth. In fact, many toxins that are present in the plastics used
to make these water bottles are building up in our bodies causing health problems,
especially Phthalates ("Earth Resource Foundation”).
Local Problem
These problems are present in many local communities; Penn State and the State
College area are not exempt from this type of pollution. We polled students about their
disposable water bottle usage. We asked the LEAP pride 240 how many of these each of
the members used in a day and we received eleven responses. Of these, a total of 32
water bottles were consumed on an average day. When this data is extrapolated for the
entire class of 25 people, the class as a whole would use about 73 plastic disposable water
bottles daily. Although this is not a perfect statistical experiment, it provided us with a
rough estimate of the usage on campus.
Though the production of water bottles does not occur in this area, garbage from
both the university and the community travel to the Centre County
Landfill. Approximately 600 tons of plastic water bottles are improperly disposed of in
this region and sent to this landfill ("Mobius Hydration Stations").
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CHAPTER III
Solution: Penn State, Fill Up!
Plan
In order to encourage a change in plastic water bottle usage, we can implement a
strategy to decrease the amount used. One way to reduce the consumption of plastic
water bottles is to substitute them with something more environmentally savvy. Reusable
water bottles are an effective way to eliminate the need for store bought packages of
plastic water bottles. Some substitutes are made from plastic while others are made from
different materials. One type is the plastic reusable bottle, which is environmentally
friendly because it will drastically reduce the number of disposable plastic bottles
needed. Stainless steel is also a common material for water bottles and is more
environmentally friendly because steel is one of the nation’s most recycled materials and
can be recycled over and over again without affecting the material properties ("Steel
Network News”). Stainless steel water bottles last longer compared to reusable plastic
water bottles, since they are more durable. Since they last longer people will save money
because they will not have to buy new water bottles as often. Less demand naturally
requires less production, which in turn lowers the overall energy consumption and
environmental impact. When plastic water bottles show any sign of wear and begin to
crack they are no longer safe from which to drink. Even though most water bottles are
BPA free there are many still around that contain that harmful chemical. This chemical
has been linked to cause breast cancer because it messes with the estrogen in our bodies
("Bisphenol A (BPA)"). Stainless steel water bottles do not contain BPA. For these
reasons, our plan would require the use of stainless steel water bottles. In an effort to
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appeal to the students, Penn State’s Nittany Lion logo will be printed on the bottle. In
smaller print, the environmental benefits of a reusable bottle will also be on the bottle so
that the consumers are constantly reminded of the benefits of their action.
We would invest in stainless steel water bottles that hold 27 fluid ounces. To
purchase these water bottles in bulk, it would cost $2.41 per unit. We would sell the
bottles to students for five dollars each, resulting in a gross profit of
$2.59 cents per water bottle sold or a little over 51% margin. The
product would be sold on move in day at various stands outside of the
dorms. RA’s will also be given the bottles to sell and will be asked to
send out emails to the residents on the floors. Additionally, these
bottles will be sold at the Hub throughout the academic school
Figure 1: Water
Bottle Prototype
year. To advertise these water bottles, flyers will be hung, emails will be sent, tweets will
be tweeted, and the word will travel through gatherings like floor meetings.
Along with the purchase of a water bottle, we will give out a brochure. This will
cover information regarding current plastic bottle use, what is better about the stainless
steel water bottle, where they are sold, and where to find the refilling stations. Not only
will these come with purchase, but also we will hand them out at the stands on move in
day or in the hub to passerbys. Additionally, they can be found on bulletin boards or at
the center for sustainability.
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Figure 2: Front of Brochure
Figure 3: Back of Brochure
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In order to implement this plan, we will need support from Penn State’s Center of
Sustainability. This organization focuses on a specific goal, “to facilitate the integration
of sustainability into all functions of the University” (“The Sustainability Institute”). The
primary role of the center would be to provide the initial funding to purchase the water
bottle and pay for the initial advertising. At 51% margin, the ongoing profits can then be
used to sustain and enhance the program by purchasing more advertising, buying more
bottles, and increasing the number of water refilling stations.
By encouraging the use of reusable stainless steel BPA water bottles at Penn
State, students may be willing to modify their behaviors and reduce the impact that the
growing amount of disposable water bottles has on the environment.
Similar Examples
Other Universities have taken the initiative to try to encourage the use of reusable
water bottles by participating in the “Ban the Bottle” campaign. This specific campaign
focuses on eliminating the use of plastic water bottles in schools, offices, and public areas
in order to eliminate the unneeded waste in landfills. They have cleverly advocated the
use of specific water bottle companies such as Camelbak and Nalgene, and in turn are
sponsored by the companies. They formed a website called banthebottle.net, which
includes what their organization is about and facts about bottled water. Many colleges
across the nation have joined the campaign, such as Brown University, Cornell
University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and UC Berkeley, just to name a
few. This “Ban the Bottle” campaign has the same goals and motives as the campaign
that we are trying to achieve here at Penn State. As this organization has been a huge
success to many colleges across America, our organization will hopefully have the same
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effect here at Penn State. Due to this impact, the environment would benefit if Penn State
students would use reusable water bottles.
In addition to implementing a plan, many universities have started installing water
filling stations like Penn State’s. For example, Notre Dame
was capable of investing in one for the first floor of each
dorm building (“Drinks on the House”). Penn State is not
yet capable of funding the money necessary for this action,
but the water filling stations are becoming more present
around campus. At the University of Arizona, students “used
enough water to save 2,388 twelve ounce water bottles from
the waste stream” (“Two Halls Now
Figure 4: Water Filling
Station (Kelley, Emily C.)
Have Water Bottle Filling Stations”) after only one month of
installing two stations. Other universities that funded similar
Figure 5: Waste Count
("Water Bottle Filling
Station”)
systems include the University of Delaware, Texas State
University, Stony Brook University, Cornell University, and
Northwestern University.
When we designed our plan, we drew from personal experiences within our
group. Some of us took previous classes on environmental studies while others enjoy
using reusable water bottles and the filling stations. One specific experience though is
directly related to the “Fill Up!” plan. This is Liz’s lifestyle change for a class called AP
Environmental Geoscience (APEGS). She assessed her daily behaviors in September
2011 to determine what practices could be made more environmentally friendly. After
realizing her own excessive use of disposable plastic water bottles, she decided to make
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that her change. The month of October was used as a baseline for the following four
months using a reusable water bottle. Figure 6 is a table showing the results of the
lifestyle change.
Quantity of Product
Reusable vs. Plastic Water Bottles
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
37
38
35
38
38
Reusable Water Bottles
Plastic Water Bottles
Month
Figure 6: Quantity of Reusable and Plastic Water Bottles (SOURCE)
The red bars signify disposable plastic bottle usage while the green represent
usage of reusable water bottles. You can see that there are no red bars for the months
November-February meaning that X completely shifted her uses of disposable plastic
water bottles to reusable ones. In just those four months, she saved 3.132 gallons of
crude oil from being used (SOURCE). Not only did X help the environment, she reaped
many of the benefits herself. For one, her water would stay cold longer. Ice is easy to
put in reusable bottles so it came in handy for her eight-hour school days or full days
spent at lacrosse tournaments. Another benefit was that it reduced clutter. X’s
refrigerator no longer had shelves of water bottles blocking the hidden food in the back.
Floor space cleared up in the pantry where the large pack of plastic water bottles resided,
thereby avoiding people having to reach far in uncomfortable positions to grab
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something. For these and many other reasons, X adapted the change into her lifestyle.
Most students were not able to continue and others were participating simply for the
grade, but X formed a habit during the process. Instead of opening the refrigerator every
morning and taking out one, maybe two, plastic water bottles, she walked into the pantry
and grabbed a water bottle off the shelf to refill.
Limitations
Although this plan provides many benefits to the environment, it also has its
challenges. Some students will not be willing to participate in this plan for a variety of
attitudinal and educational reasons such as convenience, indifference, disbelief, and their
perceived inability to make a difference.
Convenience is embedded in our lifestyle demands. If you think about the historic
development of consumer products, many enhancements are the results of satisfying the
ever-present demands of consumers to save time and have more conveniences. Having to
fill a bottle with water discourages students to use reusable water bottles since the process
is not as simple as reaching for a disposable bottle from a mini fridge. Convenience is
further limited by having to periodically wash reusable bottles.
Others simply are not interested in concerning themselves with environmental issues nor
do they believe that our environmental issues are manmade. Education is required to
change the minds of those who are not concerned about global warming. This is a long
and an ongoing process. It is a process that takes generations as we suspect that our
generation is more concerned about the environment than our parents’ or our
grandparents’ generations. It’s undeniable that global warming has been a highly debated
issue in politics. Some believe that it exists because of human actions while others
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believe that the earth is and has been constantly changing on its own. The group of
people who do not believe that humans are responsible will most likely not change their
individual habits. They would relate this plan for limited plastic use to support for the
idea of manmade global warming and would therefore see no need to participate in this
plan.
Lastly, some students are unaware that it does not take a mass effort to reduce
environmental problems in the world. It is not possible to get everyone to make a
difference, but individual efforts go a long way. On average, each American uses
approximately 700 plastic bottles per year. Assuming that bottle usage begins at age 10
and continues to age 60, then at least 35,000 plastic water bottles are consumed in one
person’s lifetime. In reality, the number will be larger than this if we were to account for
the probable influence on others’ behaviors.
In addition to the attitudes and education of students, the accessibility of clean
water is also an issue limiting the effectiveness of the plan. Some water fountains in the
dorm release cloudy water that could contain a multitude of chemicals. Marcellus Shale
fracking has been known to pollute some of the available drinking water in
Pennsylvania. The Marcellus Shale gas drilling is highly affecting the cleanliness of our
water, possibly polluting up to four million gallons of fresh water ("What's the Big Deal
About Marcellus Shale Gas Drilling?"). This tainted water could easily be impacting the
water supply in the state college area. In addition to the unknown murkiness of the
drinking water, there are too few water bottle filling stations on campus. Penn State’s
University Park campus consists of 933 buildings ("Fast Facts on The Pennsylvania State
University"). Amongst these buildings are only 44 of these water filling stations
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("Mobius Hydration Stations"). For the student who values convenience, it would be a
hassle to travel all the way to one of those areas and therefore more water filling stations
would need to be installed. The economics of installing enough filling stations to make
them convenient may be prohibitive. Filling stations would ideally be located on every
dorm floor as well as every educational building and recreational facility. One way the
student can obtain clean water in his or her room without having to add more filling
stations is to buy a water filter that serves to purify water from the convenience of a
faucet.
Another limitation of the plan is the need to offer alternative choices. Out of the
need for public health and safety, it is not possible to deny someone water. If a student
was in need of this biological necessity and they were without a stainless steel water
bottle, they would be forced to buy a plastic water bottle. For this reason, the university
would still sell disposable plastic beverage bottles in vending machines and convenience
stores.
Students may also be resistant to use stainless steel bottles because they do not
like the metallic taste that some of them give off. The taste is just something people can
get used to. It is better than drinking in chemicals like a plastic water bottle would
produce. Although there are some limitations to our proposal, the benefits that it would
produce would be worthwhile.
Benefits
Environmental Benefits
Irrespective of the restraints, many benefits will result from the implementation of
this plan. These will happen on a local and even a national or global scale. Penn State’s
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efforts to reduce plastic water bottle consumption through this plan will positively impact
the State College environment. Assuming that Penn State students use water bottles at
the same rate of all Americans (2 million every 5 minutes), 45,000 Penn State students
will consume approximately 31.5 million bottles per year. 31.5 million fewer plastic
bottles will be sent to the local landfill so there will be more open space for
decomposable items. Additionally, the absence of these plastic water bottles will reduce
long-term soil and drinking water pollution since fewer bottles will now be improperly
recycled.
Student Benefits
In addition to helping the environment, restricting the personal use of plastic
water bottles will reduce health risks of an individual. During transportation of the water
bottle from manufactures to consumers the bottles can be stored in very hot
conditions. These hot conditions cause the plastic to melt and leach chemicals into the
water. The same occurs when a student leaves a water bottle by the window or in heat,
the chemicals from the plastic seep into the water. The chemical Phthalates is found in
plastic and seeps into the water when the plastic melts. This chemical can cause longterm health effects and has been linked with certain types of cancers. Studies have shown
that BPA, an environmental estrogen, can also be released into the water. BPA has been
linked to affecting the reproduction and brain development in animal studies ("BPA and
Chlorine Means Bad News: Modified Forms of Bisphenol A Found to Alter Hormone
Signaling in New, Disturbing Ways”).
Another benefit of this plan is that it will save students money. While it may not
initially seem like much money, it will add up over time. To use plastic water bottles,
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one must buy a package or single bottle. Single bottles cost a little over one dollar and if
bought in a package a single bottle may cost approximately 35 cents. If we were to
assume that one third of the 31.5 million bottles bought yearly by the student body are
bought as singles and the remaining two thirds are purchased in a package, the average
cost to the student population is roughly 56 cents per bottle or $17.64 million. If we
assume that the entire student body purchased a stainless steel BPA-free water bottle
once each year for only five dollars, the cost of to the student body is only
$225,000. Taken to the individual level, each student would spend $392 per year for
plastic bottled water but only five dollars per year for a stainless steel reusable bottle.
Purchasing one of these water bottles would be more suitable for a students
lifestyle. Always on the go from one class to the next, they can’t carry around multiple
water bottles. This reusable bottle holds more water than the generic plastic type so one
could get more substance with each refill. A standard plastic water bottle holds about 16
fluid ounces. While there are larger sizes, they still do not hold as much as this 27 fluid
ounce stainless steel bottle. Additionally, using disposable bottles can be a nuisance
when they are not available. For example, if a student is in their room and they have no
more water bottles left the choice is either to not drink water or get out of bed and buy
more. If a student had a reusable water bottle, that would not happen because there are
plenty of water filling stations, water bottles, and methods to filter your water on campus.
Global Impacts
Along with the direct benefits from using a reusable water bottle on campus, this
plan can serve as a model for others to adapt. The adaptation could happen in two
ways. First, when each student goes home he or she could influence his or her family,
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friends or community to adopt the reusable water bottle plan. Let’s assume that each
student convinces 3 other people to switch from plastic bottles in favor of reusable
stainless steel bottles. This would result in 94.5 million fewer plastic bottles used
annually. The second adaptation could be a duplication of the plan at other campuses
across the country. If you assume that we could convince 3 other Big Ten schools of
similar size to adopt the plan, an additional 94.5 million fewer plastic bottles would be
consumed. People are likely to make a change if other people are also willing. For
example, Al Gore wrote in his article “We can’t Wish Away the Climate” that this comes
with painful costs. China, now the world’s largest and fastest-growing source of global
warming pollution, had privately signaled early last year that if the United States passed
meaningful legislation, it would join in serious efforts to produce an effective treaty.”
This quote is basically saying that if the United States were willing to also change its
lifestyle then they would be too.
People always assume that being one person, they cannot make a difference. But
if people see you exhibiting positive behaviors, they are likely to acknowledge that fact
and do the same. Another example of a chain reaction occurring is the Earth Day
movement that happened on April 22, 1970. Gaylord Nelson founded the idea of Earth
Day after he witnessed the 1969 oil spill in Santa Barbra, California. He knew something
had to be done to protect the future of our planet. On the first Earth Day environmental
activists gathered together to share ideas including how to limit the use of fossil fuels and
how to preserve water. The first Earth Day led many people to contemplate the future of
the environment. The creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water Acts was a result of their concerns (“Earth
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Day: The History of A Movement”). Since the first Earth Day more people began to
become environmentally conscious of what they were distributing into the Earth (Dunlap,
Riley E., and Angela G. Mertig). Earth Day happened unfortunately because of an oil
spill, but at least people are now aware of the things going on in the environment. The
first Earth Day allowed people to share ideas and think of new ways to protect our
Earth. This just goes to show that if one person is willing to change and make a
difference other people are just as likely to as well.
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CHAPTER IV
Conclusion
The already massive use of plastic water bottles is growing everyday, drastically
destroying our environment and affecting our health. The same pattern will continue in
years to come if nothing is done differently. Production of these bottles requires large
amounts of oil and generates carbon dioxide, thereby damaging the environment. Usage
of the disposable bottle presents possible health hazards due to the chemicals that seep
into the water from the plastic. Next, the disposal of plastic bottles clogs and the residue
of chemicals from decomposition can eventually leach into the groundwater. The trends
and their impacts are concerning. Our group brainstormed ideas in which we could make
it easier for students at Penn State to reduce their use of plastic water bottles. Our final
plan encourages the use of reusable stainless steel water bottles by Penn State students.
We put the well-known Penn State logo on the blue and grey stainless steel water bottles
to attract the students’ eye, as well as included a brochure that explained why it would be
beneficial to use the product. Our environmentally efficient water bottles would be sold
at the most convenient places for students to purchase, such as at a booth on move in day
and in each RA’s room. Additionally, the profits generated from the sale of these bottles
can be reinvested in additional water filling stations thusly increasing the convenience
and ultimate success of the plan.
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"BPA and Chlorine Means Bad News: Modified Forms of Bisphenol A Found to Alter
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"Drinks on the House." Sustainability. University of Notre Dame, Web. 8 Aug. 2013.
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