WASH NEEDS ASSESSMENT BY WASH CLUSTER PARTNERS
FOR
Hajjah, Amran, Al Hudaydah and Raymah
(28 DISTRICTS)
DRAFT REPORT
November 2012
Table of Content
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Assessment Tool
3.2. Sampling selection process
3.3. Data Collection
3.4. The Assessment Form (Questionnaire)
3.5. Survey implementation
4. DATA ANALYSIS
(Data Entry, Correction and Verification)
5. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS
5.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
5.1.1. Geography
5.1.2.Demography and Income
5.1.3. Water borne diseases
5.2. WATER
5.2.1. General
5.2.2. Water Sources
5.2.3. Existing Water Supply
5.2.4. Water Quality
5.2.5. Water Fetching
5.2.6. Water Storage
5.3. SANITATION (EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM AVAILABLE)
5.4. HYGIENE PROMOTION
5.5. SOLID WASTE, DRAINAGE AND VECTOR CONTROL
5.6. SUPPORT ORGANIZATION IN PROJECT AREA
5.7. RANKING OF NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Proposed interventions)
6. MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION
Annex 1: program used for sample selection
Annex 2: The selected samples for each district/governorate
Annex 3: Proposed short term intervention regarding sanitation, vector control, waste disposal,
hygiene practices, awareness campaign etc. for affected villages.
Annex 4: Database for survey
2
1. INTRODUCTION
Yemen is characterized by widespread poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, unemployment, low
levels of education, high gender disparities, rapid population growth and insufficient access to safe
water and to land. Multiple and simultaneous shocks have exacerbated the vulnerability of families
and left millions trapped in absolute poverty and hunger.
Yemen is facing an increasingly complex and worrying humanitarian crisis. Families displaced by the
Sa’ada conflict and refugees from the torn Horn of Africa continue to rely on humanitarian
assistance for survival. At the same time the combined effects of the global food, fuel and financial
crises have increased poverty in Yemen and have further exacerbated the vulnerability of a
population that is already suffering from alarming rates of hunger and malnutrition. Half of Yemen's
children are chronically malnourished and one out of ten does not live to reach the age of five. Such
emergency levels of chronic malnutrition – or stunting – are second globally only to Afghanistan. The
proportion of underweight children is the third highest in the world after India and Bangladesh
(WFP, 2012).
Yemen is now facing a complex emergency which includes widespread conflict-driven displacement
and a slow onslaught crisis in food security, malnutrition and outbreak of communicable diseases,
particularly waterborne diseases. The slow onslaught emergency leading to deteriorating public
health and thus under-nutrition situation in these governorates which is strongly linked with poor
WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) availability and its practices. On the other hand a vast
majority of long-term IDPs displaced by six rounds of conflict in Sa’ada remain in displacement due
to the fear of insecurity, damaged homes, a lack of livelihood opportunities and basic services. There
are also conflicts within the Hajjah Governorate due to conflict between communities adding into
additional displaced population. This remains a boiling stage emergency where the displaced needs
immediate assistance.
This report assess the situation of population, the status of WASH conditions, and addressing the
needs of suffering population (estimated needs), mainly based on SPHERE Standards with
appropriate recommendations for actions.
3
2. PROJECT BRIEF
There is a lack of understanding on the needs of the people in the targeted regions. There has not
been any attempt to make an initial estimate which will help in projecting and advocating for the
WASH needs. Reports indicates that 50-55% and more sever acute malnutrition is due to poor WASH
in some of the targeted Governorates.
WASH cluster partners have taken initiative to carry out needs survey to assess the WASH sector
situation in 4 governorates in Yemen. The project aims to provide an overview of the situation in
order to identify the immediate impacts, make initial estimates of the needs of the affected
population for assistance, and define the priorities for humanitarian action. It should also identify
aspects on which more detailed follow-on assessments should focus.
Emergency/affected population to be read in the following context:
a. People who were affected by conflict.
b. People who were affected by epidemics/outbreaks (AWD or Cholera) and have led to
Malnutrition ( SAM/GAM)
c. People living below poverty line and cannot afford essential WASH services.
The project areas comprise of the following governorates
1. Al Hudaydah
2. Hajjah
3. Raymah
4. Amran
Figure (2.1) highlights the project area in the regional context. The four governorates fall in the
north central -western part of the country. The project under consideration deals mostly with rural
localities, therefore the quality, quantity and ease of availability are equally important factors to be
considered. This reflects the picture of water, sanitation and hygiene in the project area after
detailed analysis of collected data. This report also describes the data collection and analysis using
different techniques. Consequently, various possible interventions are also proposed for affected
population in these districts.
4
5
Figure (2.1) Location of the project area (Hajjah, Amran, Al Hudaydah and Raymah)
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Assessment Tool

A homogeneous methodology has been applied across all sites to be covered by the survey in all
four governorates in order to guarantee a complete benchmark in terms of results. The
assessment tool used was based on the Initial Rapid Assessment (IRA) which is developed as an
action oriented tool for assessing needs (OCHA, 2009). The field work and reporting has been
completed within 3 weeks. The IRA tool is the product of a process initially involving the multiple
sectors like Nutrition, Health and WASH. IRA tool was further developed with an objective of
answering essential questions for humanitarian response planning and programming for WASH.
A set of four templates for data collection, which contain questions and specific data collection
and recording notes. The unit of analysis is the site.

The assessment was undertaken in close consultation and communication with various key
stakeholders such as; UNICEF/WASH cluster partners and then WASH Needs Assessments
Working Group (NAWG) Sana’a; WASH cluster coordinator outlined key tasks and working
modalities; Ministry of Water and Environment (GARWSP), WHO, Ministry of Health, other
WASH cluster partners. Leader of assignment reported to WASH Cluster Coordinator/ NAWG
(needs assessment working group).
3.2. Sampling selection process

The sampling methodology in the Initial Rapid Assessment is not originally precisely predefined as it depends on the country context and prevailing situation regarding access,
security, funding and time frame available for the assessment (OCHA, 2009).

In sample design, two main criteria are used for selecting the sites: focus on areas of greatest
needs and coverage of a range of locations qualitatively representative of the affected
population. An intercluster priority rating developed by OCHA in consultation with the
lifesaving sectors like WASH , Nutrition, Health and food were used to identify the targeted
areas and population. These areas fall within 28 districts distributed in four governorates,
namely: Al Hudaydah, Hajjah, Amran and Raymah.

To conduct key informant interview and focus group discussions (group of men and group of
women) at a village level, stratified one- stage- cluster sample was designed for the selection
of 198 villages. Each district considered to be a stratum. To relate this survey to population, the
number of villages per district was used as a basis to sample each district. 4% was used for
districts located in Hajjah and Al Hudaydah governorates, and 8-10% used for Amran and
Raymah governorates to ensure a sample of 30 sites were selected for each governorate. Table
(3.1) shows the total number of villages and the sample size for each district. The sample size
and its allocation allows publishing results for targeted districts in each governorate.
Table (3.1) Distribution of selected sample
Governorate
Hajjah
Al Hudaydah
Amran
Raymah

district
code
1702
1704
1712
1713
1717
1720
1722
1724
1725
1729
Subtotal
1801
1802
1806
1807
1810
1813
1817
1819
1824
1825
1826
Subtotal
2903
2907
2908
2913
Subtotal
3103
3104
3106
District
Harad
Abs
Aslam
Qafl Shamer
Al Maghrabh
Mabyan
Ku'aydinah
Bani Qais
Ash Shaghadrah
Hajja
Al Zohra
Al luheyahiyah
Al Qanawis
Az Zaydiyah
Bajil
Al Marawi'ah
Bait Al Faqih
Hayes
Zabid
Al Garrahi
Al Tuheta
Al Aushah
Sowear
Dhulimat Haboor
As Sowdah
Al Jabin
’Mazahr
Al Jaffariah
Subtotal
Total
total
households
total
villages
final
sample2
9748
15225
7954
6042
7061
6554
9878
9038
6526
4091
82,117
21096
15785
11349
13307
20325
16367
31981
4793
18956
11964
9023
174,946
4838
2579
4613
3600
15,630
11303
9984
10578
31,865
304,558
159
345
356
203
78
119
171
116
118
113
1778
187
122
124
75
210
163
400
55
151
126
40
1653
53
117
77
68
315
204
111
133
448
4194
6
14
14
8
3
5
7
5
5
5
72
7
5
5
3
8
7
16
2
6
5
2
66
5
12
7
6
30
14
7
9
30
198
sample
proportion
of total
villages
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.1
0.09
0.09
0.1
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.05
The sample of villages in each district was drawn using a probability proportional to size (PPS)
sampling. This means that a village with a greater density of households would have a higher
probability of being selected in the sample. A random systematic sampling was done after
ordering sub-districts and villages by their codes to ensure sound representation of the district
sample. The process of selection is given in Annex 1 while the selected samples for each
district/governorate is given in Annex 2.

Weights are computed as follow: Total number of household in the entire district/(number of
villages in sample * number of households in a selected village).
8
3.3. Data Collection

In the present assignment data collection uses a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. As
some of the data on impact-type indicators is gathered through household questions.

The data are captured in Excel in order to generate various types of reports according to severity
of need. A simple Excel template has been designed to facilitate entering of the gathered field
data.

Strategy followed in collection data is summarized in Table (3.2). Collection of the same
information from various source allow comparison and enhance accuracy through independent
check.
Table (3.2) Strategy for collection of data
Population
description
Water supply
Local
secondary
data
Key
informant
interviews
Group
discussions
●
●
●
●
●
Water
consumption
and collection
time
Defecation
practices
Number of
toilets
Access to
hygiene items
Householdlevel
interviews
Householdlevel
observation
Observation:
transect
walks,
markets,
water points
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
3.4. The Assessment Form (Questionnaire)

Several steps had been taken to improve developing a better final product through the good
preparation of questionnaire. The following issues were considered during revision and
finalization of the questionnaire: Examinations; Question wording; Question ordering;
Population literacy, Population cooperation, language issues, Geographic restrictions. The initial
WASH assessment form which follow IRA form is divided into two parts:
Summary conclusion sheet reflecting the joint findings of the assessment team and completed at
the end of each site visit; and Data sheets organized into sections including: site information,
demographics, water, sanitation and hygiene promotion. Details cover water source and supply,
health, excreta disposal, solid waste disposal, drainage and vector control. The form made to
cover data from key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions and field observations and
local secondary data.
The summary conclusion sheet captures the overall summary of the crisis as well as problems
and priorities identified by the affected population and establishes a severity ranking of the
needs for each of the four sections in three levels:
9
1. Severe situation: urgent intervention required;
2. Situation of concern or lack of data/unreliable data: further assessment/surveillance
required; and
3. Normal situation or local population able to cope with the crisis: no further action required.
Interviews were conducted at village level, using rapid assessment techniques with key informants
and groups of villagers. This technique allowed for data verification, for example information
collected from health center regarding disease cases has been verified during discussion group.
Discussion issues outlined in the needs assessment's form with focus group also produced cost
effectiveness tradeoffs of quantity, quality, accuracy relevance and timeliness of information.
3.5. Survey implementation

Pre arrangements of the survey involved recruitment and training of field workers. After
selection of field workers which include a field leader (head of GARWSP branch) for each
governorate and an appropriate numbers of numerators for field data collection. After been
recruited, the workers received training for one day while field leaders trained in two days. The
training was designed and conducted based on adult learning methodology, action-oriented,
outcome-based through the use of role play and group discussions. The aim of training is for the
assessors to master administering of the questionnaires.

Other arrangements required for implementation of field survey include; copies of final
assessment form in Arabic, equipment (GPS), maps, car renting, program for field data entry and
code book was completed before commencing the field survey.

Primary data collection, the survey for the selected sites was undertaken between 3 Oct and 8
Oct 2012. As planned the survey covered 198 sites distributed in the four Governorates: Hajjah
72 sites, Al Hudaydah 66 sites, Amran 30 sites and Raymah 30 sites. All surveyed sites were
those selected through the agreed random sampling, except 3 sites in Hajjah were changed due
to security reasons.

The Field leader was responsible of daily planning of sites visits to be taken by the field team. In
daily basis, for each team, he provided a plan consist the name of the site, its location in the
map, and the route the team has to follow to reach to the site. In addition, the field leader was
responsible to make contacts with stakeholders at each site to be visited.

Each team provided report on their daily field activities, including time of outgoing, come back,
problems encountered if any, sketch map of the site, the covered villages, and a two filled field
assessment forms, one for men group discussion and one for women group discussion.

Small un-seen field problems were mainly solved through provision of in-situ advices by phone
to the field leader.

In this survey we conduct separate consultations with group of men and group of women in
order to identify the location and type of facilities responding best to the needs of dignity and
security of women and men.
10
4. DATA ANALYSIS
(Data Entry, Correction and Verification)
Except few cases, field data was daily entered into computer. To avoid ‘delay’ of processing of the
freshly collected field data, 2 clerks (assistants to the field leader) with good experience, were
appointed to enter the data into computer. The data were entered according to the provided excel
coded workbook provided by the analyst.
For quality control, each questionnaire passes more than one level of check. In anticipation of false
reporting of household populations, this parameter was assessed at some points in the
questionnaire. Although some of these questions are direct and can be noticed by the enumerators
during the interview, others can only be revealed while/after entry data into the computer (i.e. by
field leader). Few more can be only un-dependently checked through calculation of other related
certain parameters (i.e. analyst). Enumerators were trained to ask politely if he noticed contradicting
information provided by discussion group.
Review and verification of entered data send from the field, include coordinates figures as some
used degrees others used UTM, villages and district similar to those selected in sampling process,
population male and female corrected to census figures with appropriate growth rate up to 2012,
number of family, average number of family size multiplied by number of family should agree with
population of the site, male headed family plus female headed family should be equal, number of
people using a public toilet should compare with number of population using public toilets etc.
The data collation and analysis tool used enabled to automatically compile the collected data to
produce a summary who- what- where- when report and an analysis of gaps (i.e. where there are
high levels of need but no agency responding), in order to make critical programming and resource
allocation decisions. The data treated through EXCEL and SPSS. While EXCEL can act as data base
program which anyone can use, SPSS offer more ability for additional statistical analysis. The data
was used to develop maps in order to more effectively communicate response and specific gaps
identified.
11
5. DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS
5.1. GENERAL INFORMATION
5.1.2. Geography
Yemen is the second largest state by area on the Arabian Peninsula, where it is situated at the
southernmost tip between latitudes 12°N and 20°N and longitudes 41°E and 54°E. Administratively,
the country is divided into 21 governorates and 333 districts. These administrative regions fall into
six agro-ecological zones: (1) the Upper Highlands (above 1,900 m), (2) the Lower Highlands (below
1,900 m), (3) Red Sea and Tehama Coast, (4) Arabian Sea coast, (5) the Internal Plateau, and (6)
Desert. Surveyed sites in Amran and mountainous part of Hajjah fall in the upper highlands zone,
Raymah fall in the lower highlands, whereas lowland of Hajjah and Al Hudaydah are fall in Red Sea
and Tehama Coast.
Distribution of the geographic terrain of the surveyed sites is given below:
the geographic terrain of the
site
Hajjah
Number of sites
Al Hudyadah
Amran
Raymah
Total
Percentage
1.
2.
Hilltop
Steep slope
10
9
0
0
7
1
23
0
40
10
20%
5%
3.
Mild slope
22
1
10
4
37
19%
31
65
12
3
111
56%
72
66
30
30
198
100 %
4.
Open
bottom
Total
flat
field/Wadi
Based on ecological characteristics, the geographic terrain of the sites can be divided into two
ecological zones: low/flat land ecological zone where 56% of surveyed sites are located and 44% are
located within mountainous ecological zone. Geography is commonly determine access of machinery
to a site, natural drainage of rain water (i.e. formation of stagnant water pool)…etc. Most of
affected/surveyed communities are located at their own villages (place of origin). Two surveyed
communities were displaced from homes but within the location of community of origin, and two
communities are located at planned site (camps). The latter found in Hajjah Governorate where
there are about 30,000 displaced people (Yemen Today News, 2012).
12
5.1.2. Demography and Income
The project area has a rural population of around 2.3 million, according to GARWSP's projected
figures in 2012. It is an overwhelmingly young population, with around 46 percent under the age of
15, and a median age of 18.1 years. Distribution of population in studied governorates are:
Hajjah
684,508
Al Hudaydah
1,216,683
Amran
148,114
Raymah
257,414
Total
2,306,719
These figures are used in estimation of water supply coverage for the project area. Total numbers of
families reached were 38,153. Of these, 3947 are female headed families. The total population
reached in the project area was 271,496 people.
100%
91%
85%
82%
90%
81%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
16%
16%
20%
9%
8%
10%
0%
Raymah
Amran
Al Hudaydah
Hajjah
The percentage of families, in the case of the head of the family Female
(widowed, divorced, married, etc.)
The number of families, in the case of the head of the family male
Figure (5.1) Distribution of families based on the head of family
Average income per person for female headed families was estimated at 53 YR per day and 125 YR
for male headed family. This reflects poverty level of the population in the project area. 97.3% of all
reached families with income below poverty line (i.e. less than 1.25$ person a day 267.5 YR per day
per person). Apart of 6 families, all female headed family income is below poverty line, whereas 94%
of male headed families are below poverty line. 94.9% of all families are below poverty line. This
percentage is very much higher than the national figure which is amount to 17.4% (YEM CSO) as
estimated from household budget survey (2005). Also its higher than the national percentage of
rural population under the national poverty line is 40.09% (YEM_CSO_HBS_2005_2006).
13
5.1.3. WASH borne diseases
The collected field data from Health units and focus group indicated that the prevailing
Water/sanitation/Hygiene borne diseases in the surveyed sites are reported as follows:
Water/Sanitation/Hygiene
Number of Sites with WASH borne diseases
borne disease
Hajjah
Al
Amran
Raymah
Total
Percentage
Hudyadah
Diarrhoea
69
66
27
20
182
92%
Acute water diarrhea
28
17
20
26
91
46%
Acute respiratory infections
42
50
22
19
133
67%
Malaria
69
66
27
28
190
96%
Others
13
20
15
12
60
30%
Summary of numbers of population affected by water borne diseases and number of death cases is
shown in Table (5.1). Children aged under-five years (U5) are most affected by all WASH borne
diseases than older people. However, death due to respiratory infection seems to be higher for older
people than the children (U5).
The total affected population by WASH borne diseases is 88,746 while death cases reached 2,137
people. 32.7% is the estimated percentage of population suffers from the WASH borne diseases.
Comparing these figures with national prevalence rate per 100,000 populations (registered cases)
which is 263 according to (YEM CSO_SYB _2006), indicates very much high prevalence rate of disease
in the project area than national figures. Malaria and diarrhea are affecting almost similar
percentage (12%) of the total population in the project area, Figure (5.2).
Table (5.1) Distribution of people affected by Water borne diseases
Category
children aged less than 5 years
people aged more than 5 years
Total population
Diseases
suffering
suffering
suffering
Diarrhea
death cases
death cases
death cases
22053
302
9188
179
31241
481
acute diarrhea
4249
240
3132
230
7381
470
respiratory infection
9617
211
8028
241
17645
452
Malaria
17106
438
15373
296
32479
734
Total
53025
1191
35721
946
88746
2137
Malaria and diarrhea are affecting almost similar percentage (12%) of the total population in the
project area, Figure (5.2). Percentage of death is less than 1% of the population and varies between
0.17% and 0.27% for acute diarrhea and malaria, respectively.
14
12%
11.96%
2.72%
6.50%
diarrhea
acute diarrhea
respiratory infection
malaria
Figure (5.2) Distribution of affected population by water borne disease in project area.
5.2. WATER SITUATION
5.2.1. General
Water is basic need for human in a living environment, and there is no concept of life without this
basic need. In the recent age the issues regarding availability of clean water to the inhabitant is one
of the biggest challenges in the country. In urban and rural areas the aspect of quality and quantity
both are to be considered. Yemen is already one of the most water-scarce countries in the world,
lacking rainfall and surface water. High population growth and water scarcity result in a chronic
imbalance between water needs and availability. The per capita water resources stand at 125 m3
compared to 1,250 m3 in the Middle East and North Africa region, already one of the driest regions
in the world, and the global average of 7,500 m3 (World Bank, 2006). Per capita consumption
exceeds water supply (World Bank, 2006). The annual deficit was 0.4 km3 in 1990 and is expected to
reach 1 km3 in 2010 (MoPIC, 2009). The country has limited freshwater, and overall water
withdrawals exceed recharge rates by 123 percent of renewable water resources (World Resources
Institute, 2003). Agriculture uses by far the most water, with 96 percent of water use (Shetty, 2006),
while qat alone accounts for around 40 percent (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation).
The climate is variable, with seasonally intense, short-lived heavy storms that produce flash floods,
interspersed with long dry periods resulting in widespread droughts, all exacerbated by the impact
of climate change. Climate change is expected to intensify the variation in precipitation distribution,
most likely leading to a hotter climate with more frequent droughts and increased desertification
across the country and heightened vulnerability along the coastal areas as a result of rising sea
levels. As underground water becomes harder to reach and the cost of new wells rises, irrigation
resources will tend to be concentrated in the hands of the wealthier farmers. The current context of
15
rising inequality in water access, ownership of irrigated land and competition between agricultural
and urban users suggests a worrying outlook for the poorest sectors of rural society.
It has also been reported that almost 40% of diseases in the country are water-borne and is taking a
major chunk of the national health budget. People have to spend substantial portion of their income
on fighting with these water-borne diseases which is further adding to the financial miseries of the
poverty stricken citizens. Rising public and global concern over water quality has been sensitized by
the planners and policy makers to make necessary arrangements for provision of safe water.
However, planning and implementation projects for provision of safe water could not be realized
unless baseline survey of water quality status, sewage and solid water disposal etc. is made available
so that remedial measures could be devised accordingly by the responsible agencies.
5.2.2. Water Sources
Presently the communities of surveyed districts are facing scarcity of drinking water in rural
localities. As reported 81.1% of population is served by groundwater from various sources informs of
boreholes, dug wells and 19% are using surface water as a source.
The prevailing situation regarding water sources reflects that people are facing the problems
regarding source and available quantity of water in the project area. The issue got worst as beside
civil unrest, a variety of internal and external factors are putting further strain on Yemen’s limited
resources. The financial crises led to an increase in poverty. At the same time, the government’s
ability to provide basic services is challenged by oil prices and oil production. A six-year conflict in
north-western Sa’ada governorate has displaced some 350,000 people and affected many more.
Recent conflict in Hajjah has displaced some 30,000 people. In addition, thousands of refugees
continue to cross the Gulf of Aden from the Horn of Africa each year and now started to spread out
in most of the governorates. The major reason for paucity of drinking water are enlisted here
under:

depletion of water sources and damage of existing water supply sources/networks;

Natural increase in population and displacement of people

Absence of water allocation and water rights system in Yemen

Contamination at water sources

Less coverage of GARWSP due financial constraints

Climate change
The above mentioned factors are of vital importance, while analyzing the data and proposing the
interventions regarding water supply system in the study area.
16
5.2.3. Existing Water Supply
The most commonly used water source is of piped network with 31.6% and second most used
source is unprotected dug well with 27.8%, then comes the category of boreholes and unprotected
springs with 8.1% and 7.1% of population, respectively. Other smaller proportion is getting water
from tankers and public taps. The point to ponder is that 46.5% of the whole districts' population is
getting their drinking water from unimproved water supply sources. The utilization of water
sources reported for project area is depicted in Figure (5.3), whereas, distribution per governorates
is given in Table (5.2).
31.6%
27.8%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
4.8%
1.8%
8.1%
7.1%
3.5%
4.5%
2.3%
10.0%
4.3%
2.0%
5.0%
Piped network
Public Taps
boreholes
protected dug well
unprotected dug well
protected spring
Unprotected spring
protected harvesting
unprotected harvesting
Tankers
others
0.0%
Figure (5.3) Status of water supply system for Project area
Table (5.2) Status of water supply system per governorate
Water system/Governorates
25.0
Al
Hudaydah
61.4
Piped water supply connected to a public fountain
6.3
Collection from a Borehole site.
Piped water supply connected to home.
Protected open well.
Unprotected open well
Protected spring
Hajjah
Amran
Raymah
Total
5.0
8.3
31.6
2.3
-
8.3
4.3
4.2
16.7
3.3
3.3
8.1
1.4
6.1
10.0
3.3
4.5
39.6
8.3
56.7
13.3
27.8
-
-
-
13.3
2.0
Unprotected spring
2.8
2.3
3.3
31.7
7.1
Protected rain water harvesting tank.
2.8
-
3.3
5.0
2.3
Unprotected/open rainwater harvesting tank.
0.7
-
13.3
8.3
3.5
13.2
-
-
-
4.8
Other improved sources
1.4
2.3
-
1.7
1.5
Other unimproved sources
2.8
0.8
5.0
3.3
2.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Bowsers/tankers
Total
Al Hudaydah shows highest percentage of piped water supply (61%), followed by collection from
borehole sites. Hajjah shows the second highest percentage of their population is getting their water
17
from piped water supply (25%), whereas the highest percentage of people are using unprotected
dug well. It is the only governorate where people are using tankers for water supply. For Amran and
Raymah governorates, however, 56.7% of Amran's people are getting their water from unprotected
dug wells, and s 31.7% of Raymah's people are using unprotected spring.
Presently several communities are not well satisfied with the existing conditions of the water
availability in their areas. Connected people have reported a limited benefit from the facility of
piped water to their houses, as supply of water is very erratic (not reliable). Therefore fetching of
water is a common practice in these areas. In majority of the areas GARWSP is providing the
services to the consumers but very less are operational, so people manage to operate by their own
sources either surface or ground water.
From the above mentioned situation, the existing sources are needed to be enhanced or new water
sources are to be explored in the project area to fulfill the basic needs of the residents.
Available Water/Consumption
Table (5.3) summaries the results of average amount of water available for the family per day for the
four governorates. All surveyed population of Raymah is getting less than 15 l/d/person and
according to Sphere Standards they are entitled for urgent intervention. High percentage of Hajjah
and Al Hudaydah's population are enjoying more than 15 l/d/person whereas half of population of
Amran is in need (entitled) for urgent action regarding the amount of water available.
Table (5.3) Percentage of the amount of water available for families
Average amount of water available for the family / day
Less than 40 liters
between 41-80
between 81-105
more than 105
liters
liters
liter
Governorates
Hajjah
Al Hudaydah
Amran
Raymah
Total
0
0
6.7
8.3
2.3
1.4
6.8
5.0
66.7
13.6
4.9
5.3
31.7
25.0
12.1
93.8
87.9
56.7
0.0
72.0
Water consumption in the project area varies between less than 5 liter per day per person to more
than 15 liter per day per person. 28.3% of the total surveyed population is using less than 15
liter/day/person and they are requiring urgent intervention in their water supply provision. The rest
71.7% are consuming more than 15 liter/day/person, Figure (5.4). However, using average national
rural water consumption of 30 l/d/c, 69.7% of the total surveyed population reported that their
water supply is not sufficient for their households' needs. Distribution of the percentile for
population who reported their water is not enough per governorate are:
Hajjah
68.1%
Al Hudaydah
56.8%
Amran
81.7%
18
Raymah
90.0%
Failure (non reliability) of the service of water supply provided is assessed as 75.7% of overall
surveyed population who reported to be failed to receive water as scheduled (should be), mainly as
their present source of water pertains the low yield, intermittent water points (wells and boreholes)
in the project area. Distribution of the percentile for population who reported their water is not
efficient per governorates is:
Hajjah
Al Hudaydah
Amran
Raymah
75.7%
64.1%
85.0%
91.7%
80.0%
71.7%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
12.1%
20.0%
13.6%
2.5%
10.0%
0.0%
more than 15
liter/day/person
between 11 - 15
liter/day/person
between 5 -11
liter/day/person
less than 5
liter/day/person
Figure (5.4) Distribution of water consumption percentage in the project area
17.2% of population reported their water supply schemes/water points are not working, need
repairs. Presence of secondary sources for water supply at 65% of locations confirm the inadequacy
and unreliability of main water sources.
Keeping in view this situation recommendations are proposed for improvement of water supply
system based on utilization of acceptable quantity and quality of water available in the surveyed
districts.
5.2.4. Physical Water Quality
The study of the collected data reveals that high percentage of people is using poor quality water.
This reflects that water, which is the basic necessity of a human beings is either not provided by the
government, or it is available to them with a very poor quality that it is in smell, color or taste.
19
To assess the quality of water in sites with poor physical water quality, a detailed water quality with
laboratory tests are needed. However, as reported from the community the inhabitants in many
areas are facing water quality problems. It is observed that 44% of responses reflected drinking
water with bad taste, bad color and even bad smell.
3.0%
clean
1.5%
11.9%
3.8%
with color
with smell
with taste (salty)
with color and smell
23.8%
56.2%
with color and taste
Figure (5.5) Quality of Water
The chalky color (turbidity) of samples seems to be from bacteria and viruses otherwise from
groundwater aquifer (high calcite content). Tastes and odors are quite common in water supplies
everywhere because they are caused by a wide variety of substances, many of which readily enter
water systems. Naturally occurring tastes and odors are often attributable to algae and
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Algae are present in virtually all surface waters (especially still
waters (such as pond, reservoirs) and in large slow-moving streams that fairly clear and hence it is by
far the most important organisms that causing taste and odor problems in the study project. The
water treatment process removes algae by coagulation, flocculation and settling. Growth should be
controlled in the water source if possible, as well as in the treatment plant by using high shock doses
of chlorine during times of algal abundance. Continuous prechlorination reduces all microbiological
contaminants and keeps the treatment plant practically free of algae, but may cause a potentially
worse problem of trihalomethane formation if the raw water contains the necessary organic
precursors. Few water departments can monitor trihalomethanes consistently and therefore, for
most, continuous prechlorination may be hazardous if the raw water carries much organic material.
Periodic shock chlorination can, however, be carried out safely. Several algal genera are cited most
often as causing taste and odor problems, including Asterionella, Ceratium, Dinobryon, Peridinium,
Stephanodiscus, and Synedra. To decompose the effect further, many ground water sources in the
mountainous areas contain minerals and chemicals exceeding by far national and international
standards for safe drinking water (Alderwish & Dottridge, 2012).
The health implication of water quality has been assessed in recent study in rural areas of Yemen,
(Alderwish & Dottridge 2012) and reported that there is only a slight to no improvement in average
20
water quality due to improved water supply projects. Surprisingly, the numbers of households
members who suffered from diarrhoea currently are higher than in the past (before installation of
modern scheme). The World Bank in 2008 noted that “there is overwhelming evidence that hand
washing, sanitation, and household and point‐of‐use water treatment improve health outcomes”. In
particular, there is strong evidence that household piped water infrastructure reduces child
mortality, mainly through reducing diarrhoea (Curtis and Cairncross 2003; Fewtrell et al. 2005;
Zwane and Kremer 2007). Community‐level rural water infrastructure, however, seems to be less
effective in reducing diarrhoeal diseases even though they lead to time savings (Zwane and Kremer
2007; Kremer et al. 2008; World Bank 2008). The main argument made is that water quality in the
household is often not affected by improved community level water provision due to inappropriate
water storage at the household level, leading to contamination of otherwise clean water.
Furthermore, some studies suggest heterogeneous effects of improved water supply and
complementarities between health and education. For instance, Jalan and Ravallion (2003) found
that piped water has no significant impact on diarrhoea among the poorest groups which they
explain by a lack of education. The recent study in Yemen, However, indicated that contamination
occurs due to the need for households to store water in the house instead of using tap water
directly. This need arises from the shortage of supply, inadequate quantity supplied or expense. The
latter seems likely for GARWSP's schemes in Ibb/Hajjah with reduced satisfied percent of users
toward water charges by 17% than before. Although payment for consumption is generally good
practice that would be expected to lead to high community participation in these schemes, proper
tariffs based on affordability are essential.
Another factor contributing to perceptions of low water quality is the dominant brown colour of the
water, which results from high iron content of water. The origin of iron is believed to be related to
the poor material used in the pipes, network and storage tanks rather than a natural origin. An
additional factor is that many groundwater sources in the mountainous areas contain minerals and
chemicals at concentrations above national and international standards for safe drinking water
(Alderwish, 2008). consequently the study of (Alderwish & Dottridge, 2012) concluded by that; water
quality in scheme villages is generally not better when compared to control water sources. This
highlights the potential of providing more training about water handling at household level,
potential sources of pollution and workshops for keeping pipes and water tanks free from pollution.
Water treatment
The facility of water treatment at household level is not established in most of the sites. Most of the
people are not even familiar with the types and techniques of the water treatment. The analysis of
the collected data is not very encouraging as over 70% respondents did not know how to treat
water prior to drinking and they do not practice any water treatment techniques. The people who
practiced some kind of treatment are only 25.8% of the survey population. Boiling of water before
drinking exists for some people at 22 sites, filtering through cloth at 31 sites probably to control
turbidity, ceramic filtering at 13 sites. Chlorine and other chemical reagent at only 2 sites.
Therefore there is a need of awareness to the community regarding water treatment methods at
house hold levels and significance of using good quality water. Further, the treatment methods
21
may be suggested after detailed quality tests of available water. This is because the fact that,
ordinary boiling of water is not capable of removing virus, however, it kills bacteria. Boiling also
can lead to concentration of some of unseen harmful chemical/substances.
5.2.5. Water Fetching
As stated above about 31.6% of the population is getting water at their door step while the
remaining is compelled to fetch the water from various locations in vicinity. These sources are in the
nearby areas of their residences. According to the collected data the water source just less than 15
minutes far for 2.5%, of all population fetching water. Those from whom water source is at a
distance of 16-30 minutes are 19.6% from their dwellings. The second highest percentage of 34.8%
of population with average time spent travelling to and fro to fetch water between 31-60 minutes.
The important aspect to note is that there are such inhabitants, who have to travel for an hour
(>60 minutes) and even more to fetch drinking water, especially as this percentage is the highest
percentile of 43%. The recorded data reveals that the problem of fetching the water for the
population needs urgent action as a large population of the project area has to fetch the water from
a long distance travelling. Distribution of percentile among governorates is:
The average time it takes to bring water from home to the source and the source of
the house / minutes
Less than 15
minutes
Governorates
Hajjah
Al Hudaydah
Amran
Raymah
between 1630 minutes
0.7
3.8
1.7
0.0
16.0
12.3
28.3
10.0
between 3060 minutes
27.8
24.6
35.0
26.7
more than
60 minutes
43.8
14.7
35.0
56.7
Not
applicable
11.8
44.6
0.0
6.7
Time spend in queuing at source during water collection is further additional time spent in this daily
tedious journey at 108 sites (56%). 7.4% of those spent less than 15 minutes queuing, 33.3% spent
between 16-30 minutes, 28.9% spent between 31-60 minutes, and 20.4% spend more than an hour
in queues for water at sources during collection.
22
50.0%
43.0%
45.0%
38.9%
40.0%
34.8%
33.3%
35.0%
30.0%
20.4%
25.0%
19.6%
20.0%
15.0%
7.4%
2.5%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
> 60 minutes
31 - 60 minutes
16 - 30 minutes
< 15 minutes
average time spent in the queue
average time spent travelling to and fro to fetch water
Figure (5.6) Time for fetching water (distance and queue) in project area
5.2.6. Water Storage
The water storage is an important and major component of water supply system. it include all water
containers (jerry can, pots, buckets, drums, etc.). People do not have adequate facilities and supplies
to collect, store and use sufficient quantities of water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene,
and to ensure that drinking water remains safe until it is consumed. The Nutrition SMART surveys
linked it with the under nutrition situation in most Governorates, as per one of the SMART reports
“Stunting was found to be lower among children from households using clean storage for drinking
water (X2: 5.9, P<0.01, df 1). Similarly, households using clean drinking water storage had lower
levels of severe stunting, (X2: 8.6, P<0.01, df 1), underweight (X2: 14.3, P<0.001, df 1), severe
underweight (X2: 18.9, P<0.0001, df 1) and GAM (X2: 11.0, P<0.001, df 1). It was also reported that
there is a significant relationship between under nutrition and the education level of household
caretaker, the cleanliness of drinking water storage, hand washing practices, and human waste
disposal practices (type of latrines in use)”. As mentioned above, contamination occurs due to the
need for households to store water in the house instead of using tap water directly. This need arises
from the shortage of supply, inadequate quantity supplied or expense.
The current status regarding average family water storage capacity for 31,996 families is reported as
6378 families has water storage capacity of less than 40 liter, 9415 families has water storage
between 41 and 105 liter, whereas 16167 has water storage capacity of more than 105 liter. The
percentile breakup regarding storage facilities are shown in Figure (5.7)
23
60.0%
50.5%
50.0%
40.0%
19.9%
15.4%
14.1%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
more than 105
liter
between 81 105 liter
between 41 - 80 less than 40 liter
liter
Figure (5.7) Water storage capacity for families
Average domestic water consumption for rural population in Yemen is 30 l/c/d which is believed to
be modest and would not affect water resources conservation plans. Restricting the amount of
water used for domestic purposes would have negative effect in the health as it affects the way
people handling the water within the house. Instead of using flowing water from tap they store and
use it through containers, hence makes it more subject to contamination. This means that even
though the improved water supply services used, it does not lead to improved drinking water since
water storage practices in the households impeded higher drinking water quality. And even if
drinking water quality improves, health outcomes remains unchanged as bad hygiene practices in
the household offset the positive effects of improved drinking water.
24
5.3. SANITATION (EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM AVAILABLE)
Sanitation goals is defined as a facility which removes excreta from the risk of human contact, “safe”
sanitation encompasses covered pit latrines as well as flush toilets. In rural areas as per the rural
water sector inventory report 73.3% do not have access to adequate sanitation (excreta disposal).
There is lack of piped sewerage, rural population depends mostly on open defecation, pit latrines
only very few have pour and flush latrines. Communal latrines are generally found in Mosques.
People do not have adequate number of toilets, as per the WSNA-I 15% of the areas surveyed
reported more than 20 users per latrines.
In the surveyed sites, people defecating in open areas, the most degrading consequence is
practiced by 16,670 families (121,590 people) which are the highest among all types (43.7%). The
second highest way of sanitation, with 15,336 families (11,864 people) is using family toilets and
shared family toilets (pit latrines, pour flush toilets, flushing toilets). The other two ways of defection
are less common; in a defined and managed defection area, 4963 families, whereas the least families
253, (ONLY 2 SITES) are using public toilets (pit latrines, flushing toilets). For public functioning
toilets, the average number of users is less than 20 persons. The percentile breakup regarding
excreta disposal system available in the project area is shown in Figure (5.8).
43.7%
41.2%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
13.3%
15.0%
10.0%
0.7%
5.0%
0.0%
In family and shared
family toilets
In public toilets
In a defined and
managed defecation
area
In the open fields
indiscriminately
Figure (5.8) Percentage of Excreta disposal
The national percentage of sanitation coverage in rural areas is 26% in 2004 (YEM CSO Census).
Unsafe water and sanitation facilities account for most of the deaths of children under five each
year caused by diarrhoea. They also cause great suffering in both adults and children through
diseases associated with intestinal parasites. Despite this fact, it has been found that more Yemeni
have access to mobile phone than toilets (just like countries in Africa, India etc.). With these
percentage (after 50 years since revolution) if extrapolating, these areas may arrive at the MDG
target sometimes during the 22nd century.
25
Development agencies have overhauled their presentations, in particular by linking diarrhoea to
unsafe sanitation and hygiene practices as well as dirty water. They are also striving harder to
convince rural communities of the value of safe sanitation and improved hygiene practices. Offering
government subsidies for latrine construction without context has been notoriously unsuccessful.
The interventions should be focused on population, who do not have the latrine facility at all.
Promising results have been achieved in an approach known as (community led total sanitation)
which promotes behavior change through peer group condemnation of open defecation as an
anti-social habit (One world, 2012).
26
5.4. HYGIENE PROMOTION
27,252 families have soap (71.4%), whereas 11,628 families with sanitary goods for women (30.5%).
For the latter, urgent action here is needed to respond to the specific hygiene need of menstruating
girls and women by the provision of female hygiene kits.
Hands are the main way in transmitting ‘parasitic’ diseases from one person to another. Diarrhea is a
common indication of contamination foods that related to the personal hygiene. The collected data
shows that only 8,131 families (57,861 people) wash their hands after defection, 7159 families
(50,945 people) wash hands before eating, 4007 families (28,510 people) before cooking, 3961
families wash hands before feeding child, 7926 families wash hands after cleaning and disposing the
waste of Child, and 3824 families (27,214 people) wash hands after touching livestock and poultries.
As feeding a child is women, many of the male respondents say they do not know the answer. Few
families have no child to feed. The percentile breakup regarding People WASH their hands with soap
or ash at critical times in the project area is shown in Figure (5.9).
The poor personnel hygiene of the rural population is direct results of the absence of promotion
program on sanitation and hygiene. As can be seen in Figure (5.9) the percentage of people who
practicing washing hands at critical times varies between 10% to 21% of population. This indicates
urgent needs for promotion program on sanitation and hygiene to educate population on the
cleanliness and encourage population to change to better hygiene practices.
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
20.0%
10.0%
18.8%
10.4%
21.3%10.0%
10.5%
5.0%
0.0%
After touching After cleaning Before feeding
livestock and and disposing
the child
poultries
the waste of
Child
Before
cooking
Before eating
After
defecation
Figure (5.9) Percentage of people WASH their hands with soap or ash at critical times
27
5.5. SOLID WASTE, DRAINAGE AND VECTOR CONTROL
No periodical of garbage for 93.4% of sites and only 13 sites with functioning garbage disposal
facility or designated area of disposal. People used to dispose their households based on 'NEAR BY'
i.e. proximity's, which is the controlling factor in the way of disposes of household garbage in most
of rural areas in Yemen (Alderwish, 2008).
In most of Yemen's rural areas there is no drainage for rainwater, as locations of villages at steep or
mild slope warrant natural drains of rainfall water. However, for sites in flat plain terrain commonly
lead to formation of pools of stagnant water. In the project areas it has been reported that 64 sites
(32.3%) forms pools of stagnant water within the settlement area during rain seasons.
The situation regarding the measures taken to control the vector in the surveyed settlements
area/villages are as follows:
Vector spray
1205 families
Use of mosquito nets (bed nets)
4338 families (31,152 people)
Removal of garbage periodically
1694 families
Removal of stagnant water
669 families
The percentile breakup regarding measures taken to control the vector in the survey sites is shown
in Figure (5.10).
1.80%
4.40%
Removal of stagnant water
Removable of garbage periodically
Use of mosquito nets ( bed nets)
11.50%
3.20%
Vector spray
14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00%
Figure (5.10) Percentage of families' reported measures to control vector
28
5.6. SUPPORT ORGANIZATION IN PROJECT AREA
There are few organizations reported to provide specific support in few sites. Detailed is given
below:
Sector
Organization(s) Providing Support
Total number of sites
Shelter
None
-
Non Food Items
CARE
1
WFP
11
UNICEF
1
EU
1
WFP
13
Food
Water
Sanitation and
Hygiene
None
UNICEF
1
CARE
1
WFP
2
Protection
WFP
1
Agriculture
None
Li-velihoods
None
Camp
Management
OXFAM
1
SFD program (cash for work)
2
Education
Health and
nutrition
Other (specify)
There are very few organizations reported to provide specific support in 26 sites, WFP with highest
presence.
29
5.7. RANKING OF NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Proposed interventions)
Filled by the field leaders at each site, the severe situation which require urgent intervention
are reported as follows:
Key areas
High prevalence of
diseases
Total number of sites
(male)
127
Total number of sites
(female)
131
Percentage of sites
65.2%
147
143
73.2%
125
124
62.9%
77
87
41.4%
58
59
29.5%
113
125
60.1%
101
113
54.0%
0
0
0
Low income
Less water quantity
Poor water quality
Water storage shortage
Poor hygiene practices
Open defecation
Others
The overall situation of WASH is worse in most surveyed sites (key areas). The present
surveys conducted in these areas are limited only to the identification of problem and
assessing needs. Whereas in order to alleviate the suffering of people or to improve the
existing level of service regarding WASH, a detailed survey is needed at village level along
with water quality and quantitative tests in the area. However, the analysis of collected data
showed that several people are using water of poor quality and in several areas people are
facing the problems regarding quantity of water. Keeping in view the situation there is a
need of enhancing the capacity of current water sources or exploring the new sources in the
project area. Short term intervention regarding needs in water, sanitation, hygiene
practices, vector control, waste disposal, awareness campaign etc. are proposed for
affected villages and given in Annex (3).
6. MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION





The project area has a rural population of around 2.3 million people (2012). Total
numbers of families reached were 38,153. Of these, 3947 are female headed families.
The total population reached in the project area was 271,496 people.
56% of sites are located within low/open flat ecological zone, whereas 46% are located
in mountainous ecological zone.
94.9% of all families are below poverty line (income less than 267 YR/day/person).
The total affected population by WASH borne diseases is 88,746 people (32.7%), while
death cases reached 2,137 people. The percentage is very high comparing to the
national figure (2006).
The major reason for paucity of drinking water is enlisted here under:
o
depletion of water sources and damage of some of existing water supply
sources/networks;

o
Natural increase in population and displacement of people
o
Absence of water allocation and rights for communities
o
Contamination at water sources
o
Less coverage of GARWSP due financial constraints
o
Climate change
The point to ponder is that 64.1% of the whole districts' population is getting their
drinking water from unimproved water supply sources.

Despite the percentage of Connected people to network is highest (31.6%), the facility of
piped water to houses with limited benefit, and therefore fetching of water is a common
practice in project area. In majority of the areas GARWSP is providing the services to the
consumers but very less are operational, so people manage to operate by their own
sources either surface or ground water.

The existing sources are needed to be enhanced or new water sources are to be
explored in the project area to fulfill the basic needs of the residents.

28.3% of the total surveyed population is using less than 15 liter/day/person, while
69.7% of the total surveyed population reported that their water supply is not sufficient
for their households' needs (less tan 30l/d/person). Those people require urgent
intervention in their water supply provision.

17.2% of population reported their water supply schemes/water points are not working,
need repairs.

It is observed that 44% of responses reflected drinking water with bad taste, bad color
and even bad smell. Chemical pollution is of concern. To assess the quality of water in
sites with poor physical water quality, a detailed water quality with laboratory tests is

needed.
In water supply, the recommendation is to reduce the frequent unplanned interruptions,
increase water pressure, and expand coverage of the network to areas which are not
31
covered. In water quality, satisfaction could improve by looking into the perceived taste
and smell reported by customers

The analysis of the collected data is not very encouraging as over 70% respondents did
not know how to treat water prior to drinking and they do not practice any water
treatment techniques. Therefore there is a need of awareness to the community
regarding water treatment methods at house hold levels and significance of using good
quality water. Further, the treatment methods may be suggested after detailed quality
tests of available water.

The important aspect to note is that there are such inhabitants, who have to travel for
an hour (>60 minutes) and even more to fetch drinking water, especially as this
percentage is the highest percentile of 43%. The recorded data reveals that the problem
of fetching the water for the population needs urgent action as a large population of the
project area has to fetch the water from a long distance travelling.

Time spend in queuing at source during water collection is further additional time spent
in this daily tedious journey at 108 sites, with 48.8% spent more than 30 minutes in
queues for water at sources during collection.

Unsafe water and sanitation facilities account for most of the deaths of children under
five each year caused by diarrhoea. They also cause great suffering in both adults and
children through diseases associated with intestinal parasites. In the surveyed sites,
people defecating in open areas, the most degrading consequence, is practiced by 43.7%
(16,670 families, 121,590 people) which is the highest among all types.

The interventions should be focused on population, who do not have the latrine facility
at all. Promising results have been achieved in an approach known as (community led
total sanitation) which promotes behavior change through peer group condemnation of
open defecation as an anti-social habit.

27,252 families have soap (71.4%), whereas 11,628 families with sanitary goods for
women (30.5%). For the latter, urgent action here is needed to respond to the specific
hygiene need of menstruating girls and women by the provision of female hygiene kits.

The collected data shows that ONLY 21.3% (8,131 families, 57,861 people) wash their
hands after defection.
Awareness campaigns regarding washing hand is urgently
needed in these areas.

Only 13 sites (6.3%) with functioning garbage disposal facilities or designated area of
disposal.

In the project areas it has been reported that 64 sites (32.3%) forms pools of stagnant
water within the settlement area during rain seasons.
32

The situation regarding the measures taken to control the vector in the surveyed
settlements area/villages is considerable low, more effort on appropriate measures for
vector control is required.

There are very few organizations reported to provide specific support in 26 sites, WFP
with highest presence.

The overall situation of WASH is worse in most surveyed sites (key areas). In order to
alleviate the suffering of people or to improve the existing level of service regarding
WASH, a detailed survey is needed at village level along with water quality and
quantitative tests in the area. The analysis of collected data showed that several people
are using water of poor quality and in several areas people are facing the problems
regarding quantity of water. Keeping in view the situation there is a need of enhancing
the capacity of current water sources or exploring the new sources in the project area.

Short term intervention regarding Needs in water, sanitation, hygiene practices, vector
control, waste disposal,, awareness campaign etc. are proposed for affected villages is
given.
33