9.1 Study Guide
Part 1 Watch Video in 9.1 Stem PowerPoint: Click here for video
Watch Video & as you watch define the vocabulary words:
 Vascular Tissue
 Dermal tissue
 Ground tissue
 Primary growth
 Secondary growth
 Epidermis
 Xylem
Part 2 Pre-Reading Structure of
and Growth of Dicotyledonous Stem NOTES
Instructions: Reading Pages 238-240, 244 in your textbook and address the learning objectives below:
 9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem. Either sunflower, bean
or another dicotyledonous plant with similar tissue distribution should be used.
o Note that plan diagrams show distribution of tissues (for example, xylem, phloem) and do not show
individual cells. They are sometimes called “low- power” diagrams.
 9.1.5 State that dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems. 1 Apical meristems are sometimes
referred to as primary meristems, and lateral meristems as cambium. Meristems generate new cells for
growth of the plant.
 9.1.6 Compare growth due to apical and lateral meristems in dicotyledonous plants. 3
Part 3 Guided Notes 9.1. STEMS PowerPoint
Instructions: Look at the 9.1.1 STEMS Powerpoint on Stems and fill in the blanks and answer the questions.
What is a Dicotyledon?

: a type of flowering plant with two embryo leaves (2 cotyledons)
Function of Stem
 Stems connect the leaves, roots, and flowers of plants and
between them using xylem and phloem.
 Stems provide
.
How do stems provide support?
 Cells absorb water and high pressure develops inside the cell. This is
and it
makes cell almost rigid.
 Some cells develop
which strengthens the plant
 Cell Walls in the
are both
making
them very strong. Xylem provides support especially in woody stems.
State two methods by which terrestrial plants support themselves.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................................
Tissues in the Dicotyledon Stem

: surface of the stem made of a number of layers often with a waxy cuticle to
reduce water loss.

: Forming a cylinder of tissue around the outer edge of the stem.
Often contains cells with secondary thickening in the cell walls which provides additional support.

: contains xylem, phloem and cambium tissue.

: a longitudinal set of tubes that conduct water from the roots
upward through the stem to the leaves. CELLS are DEAD!

transports sap through the plant tissue in a number of
possible directions. CELLS are alive!

is a type of lateral meristem that forms a vertical cylinder in the
stem. The cambium produces the secondary xylem and phloem through cell division in the vertical plane.

In the centre of the stem can be found the
composed of thin walled
cells called
. In some plants this section can degenerate
to leave a hollow stem.
IB LEARNING OBJECTIVE
9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem a dicotyledonous plant. Show
distribution of tissues (for example, xylem, phloem). They are sometimes called “low power” diagrams.
Growth and Development of Stems
 Plants grow is restricted to
called meristems. Having specific
regions for growth and development (restricted to just the
), contrasts
with animals in which growth takes place throughout the whole organism.
Two type of Meristem Tissue
 In dicotyledons there are two types of meristem tissue:
1.
-2.
.
Two type of Meristem Tissue

-- at the tops of roots and shoots allows them
to elongate (get longer)

-- located in the cambium in the vascular
bundles, makes roots and shoots
, with extra xylem and phloem tissue
Types of Cambium (lateral meristem) growth

vascular cambrium for vascular tissue with no thickening

-- thickens cell wall with cellulose and lignin
o
that
,
o
produces some of the
of a stem.
IB LEARNING OBJECTIVES
9.1.5 State two types of meristem found in plants.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
9.1.6 Compare growth due to apical and lateral meristems in dicotyledonous plants.
Use the following 2 cross-sectional diagrams to locate key features of a Dicotyledonous Plant Stem and thereby label
Photo 3.
I
3. On this photograph, label Xylem, Phloem,
Cambum, Cortex Epidermis, Pith
2
Part 4 Pre-Reading 9.1 LEAVES
Instructions: Reading Pages 240 -241 in your textbook and address the learning objectives below:
 9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the LEAVES Either sunflower, bean
or another dicotyledonous plant with similar tissue distribution should be used.
o Note that plan diagrams show distribution of tissues (for example, xylem, phloem) and do not show
individual cells. They are sometimes called “low- power” diagrams.
 9.1.3 Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the functions of these
tissues.
o This should be restricted to dicotyledonous plants.
o The functions should include: absorption of light, gas exchange, support, water conservation, and the
transport of water and products of photosynthesis.
Part 5 Guided Notes 9.1. Leaves PowerPoint
Instructions: Look at the 9.1. Leaves Powerpoint on Stems and fill in the blanks and answer the questions.
9.1 Leaves
 Leaves are involved in
.
 Leaves vary great in form but generally the consist of a flattened portion called
and
a stalk called
that attaches to the blade to the stem.
9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant

is a waxy layer which reduces water loss through the upper epidermis.

is a flattened layer of cell that forms the surface of the leaf and makes the cuticle.

: This is the main photosynthetic region of the leaf.

bundle: contains the transport system and vascular meristem tissue (x-xylem, pphloem).

mesophyll: contains spaces that allows the movement of gases and water through
the leaf
.

epidermis: bottom surface layer of tissues which contains the guard cells that form
each stoma.
9.1.3 Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the functions of these tissues.( 3)
Leaf Tissues:
 (a)
transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars, amino acids).
 (b)
transports water and minerals into the leaf tissue from the stem and roots.
 c)
produces a waxy cuticle for the conservation of water.
 (d)
which is the main photosynthetic region.
 (e)
creates the spaces and surfaces for the movement of water and gases.
 (f)
contains the stomatal pores which allow gas exchange with the leaf.
 The xylem and phloem tissues combine in the vascular tissue to provide support to the leaf.
 Stomata a pore on the lower side of a leave that allows for gas exchange
9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous
plant. Either sunflower, bean or another dicotyledonous plant with similar tissue distribution should be used.
9.1.3 Explain the relationship between the distribution of tissues in the leaf and the functions of these tissues.
This should be restricted to dicotyledonous plants. The functions should include: absorption of light, gas exchange,
support, water conservation, and the transport of water and products of photosynthesis.
Practice Questions
Use the diagram of a cross-section of a dicotyledenous plant leaf to label parts Ato F
A_______________________ B________________________C________________________
D_______________________ E________________________ F________________________
Now finally, try and place these 6 labels onto this photograph:
Part 5: Pre-Reading Monocotyledon vs. Dicotyledon Plants
Instructions: Reading Pages 238-240, 244 in your textbook and address the learning objectives below:
Learning Objective/ assessment statement:
9.1.2 Outline three differences between the structures of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants
Emphasize three differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants
1) parallel versus net-like venation in leaves,
2) distribution of vascular tissue in stems,
3) number of cotyledons,
4) floral organs in multiples of 3 in monocotyledonous versus 4 or 5 in dicotyledonous,
5) fibrous adventitious roots in monocotyledonous versus tap root with lateral branches in dicotyledonous.
9.1.5 State that dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems.
Part 7: MONOCOTS VS. DICOTS
Instructions: Use textbook and our other sources to fill in the table below:
Flowers
Leaves
Roots
Cotyledons Vascular tissue in stems
Monocot
Description
Monocot
illustration
Dicot
Description
Dicot
Illustration
Part 8: Examine Monocot & Dicot stems in a Microscope:
Draw plan diagrams of the following:
Monocot stem cross section
Dicot stem cross section
Dicot Leaf cross section
Dicot vascular bundle cross section
L
Part 9: Pre-Reading Plant Organ Modification Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Instructions: Reading Pages 243-244 in your textbook and address the learning objectives/ assessment statement
below:
9.1.3 Identify modifications of roots, stems and leaves for different functions: bulbs, stem tubers, storage
roots and tendrils.
Part 10: Research Plant Modification Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Instruction: Use our textbook and internet research to complete the tables below. In the table you should identify
four modifications of each plant organ. For each modification describe how their structure relates to their function,
and provide a picture example from the internet or an annotated drawing.
Roots
Root
Description of how function relates to structure
Picture from internet or annotated
Modification
drawing
Leaf
Leaf
Modification
Description of how function relates to structure
Picture from internet or annotated
drawing
Stem
Stem
Modification
Description of how function relates to structure
Picture from internet or annotated
drawing
Part 11 Pre-Reading Auxins and Phototropism
Instructions: Reading Pages 245-246 in your textbook and address the learning objectives/ assessment statement
below:
9.1. 7 Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth. 3
Part 12: Guided Notes 9.1. Auxins and phototropphism PowerPoint
Instructions: Look at the 9.1.Auxins and Phototropisms Powerpoint on Stems and fill in the blanks and answer the
questions.
Patterns of Plant Growth

Biologists have discovered that
to one another that indicate
the following:

when to
and when
, and when to
.
How do plants know they need to grow?

Plant Hormones

A hormone is a substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same
individual.

The portion of an organism affected by a particular hormone is known as its
.

To respond to a hormone, the target cell must contain a receptor to which the hormone binds.

If the receptor is present, the hormone can influence the target cell by:

.

.

.
Auxins

Charles Darwin and his son Francis carried out the experiment that led to the discovery of
.

They described an experiment in which oat seedlings demonstrated a response known as
.

Darwin’s Experiment
 In the experiment, they placed an
over the tip of one of
.
 This plant
, even though the rest of the plant
was uncovered.
 However,
, the plant
would bend toward the light as if the shield were not there.
 The Darwins suspected that the
produced
substances that
.
 Forty years later, these
were identified and named
.
 When light hits one side of the stem,
.
 This change in concentration stimulates cells on the
.
 As a result, the stem bends away from the shaded side and
.

Recent experiments have shown that
.
Location of Auxins in Plant….auxins are found in
 the embryo of seeds
 meristems of apical buds
 And young leaves
What cells do auxin affect?:

Auxins will only affect cells that have
.
How does auxins affect cells?:

Cells with auxin will
.

In stems auxin concentrate on the
.

This elongation of the stem will cause the plant to
.

Question: Auxin causes plant cells to elongate (grow longer). At which point in the above diagram P, Q, R, S would
cells have elongated the most?
.
Part 13: Watch the below video about phototropism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42DZo2ppAY&playnext=1&list=PL8204D6D79247B81D&feature=results_main
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgsorDGvr1I&list=PL8204D6D79247B81D&index=10
Part 14: Check you understanding
Instructions: Answer all the 9.1 Practice questions, and then check your answers. Be ready for a quiz over all 9.1
assessment statements.