Advanced Biology Review for Final Exam
1.
Chapters Covered: The final will cover information from the following chapters:
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
16
Topic
Themes of Biology-Characteristics of life
Chemistry
Cell Structure
Passive and Active Transport
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Mendel and Heredity
DNA: The Genetic Material
How Proteins Are Made
Ecosystems
2.
How to use this review guide: This guide is intended to be an outline of the key concepts that you will be tested on. For Each chapter the concepts will be stated followed by objectives. Treat the objectives as short answer questions.
Using your notes and the textbook write out the answer to each question.
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Ch. 1
All forms of life share common properties
 What are the characteristics of life? Give an example of each.
Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature.
 What are the steps of the scientific method? Give an example of each step.
 Define the following: dependent variable, independent variable, control, hypothesis, prediction, theory
There is unity within the diversity of life
 How is evolution connected to our everyday lives?

Ch. 2
Living organisms are made up of atoms of certain elements, mostly combined into compounds.
 Differentiate between atoms and elements.
 Distinguish between covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds.
Water’s polarity gives it many life-supporting properties
 Analyze the properties of water.
 What does it mean to be a polar molecule?
The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions
 Distinguish between acids and bases.
Carbon-containing compounds are the chemical building blocks of life
 Summarize the characteristic of the 4 organic molecules: for each macromolecule list its monomer, its function in the body and an example of each.
 State the main role of ATP
Energy is needed in order for the cell to perform cellular functions
Chemical reactions either release or store energy
ATP drives cellular work by coupling energy releasing reactions with energy storing reactions
 Evaluate the importance of energy to living things
 Relate energy and chemical reactions.
Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction
 Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
 Define the following: energy, activation energy, enzyme, substrate, active site

Ch. 3
Microscopes reveal the world of the cell
 Relate magnification and resolution in the use of microscopes.
 Compare light microscopes with electron microscopes
The small size of the cells relates to the need to exchange materials across the plasma membrane
 Why are cells so small?
 Differentiate between surface area and volume.
 As a cell’s volume increases, what happens to the surface area? Why is this a problem?
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
 List the three parts if the cell theory
 List the organelles of the cell and the function of each.
Prokaryotes are structurally simpler that eukaryotic cells
 Compare the structure of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
 Compare a plant cell to an animal cell. State two ways in which they differ.

Ch. 4
The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins with many functions.
Transport across the membrane may be active or passive.
Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment.
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many substances eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
Active transport requires the cell to expend energy.
Exocytosis and Endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes.
 Define diffusion and give an example.
 How are passive and active transport similar? How are they different?
 What is osmosis? Why is important?
 Define concentration gradient. Does passive transport move with or against the concentration gradient? Does active transport move with or against the concentration gradient?
 Define facilitated diffusion. What types of proteins are involved?
 Discuss what happens to a cell when it is placed into each of the following solutions: hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.

Ch. 5
There is a flow of energy in living systems:
Sun----- autotroph---- heterotroph-----decomposer
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life.
Breathing supplies oxygen for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules.
In the absence of oxygen organic molecules can be broken down through fermentation.
The human body uses energy from ATP for all of its activities.
 Define the following: heterotrophy, autotroph, cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
 Write the equation for photosynthesis.
 Write the equation for cellular respiration.
 How are these two processes related?
 What is ATP?
 Why is ATP called the cell’s “energy currency”?
 Give an example of a metabolic process that requires ATP.
 What happens when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?
 What process releases the chemical energy in food? Where does it take place?
 What process harnesses the sun’s energy? Where does it take place?
 List two environmental factors that affect photosynthesis.

Ch.16
Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment.
Ecosystems change over time.
The flow of energy is the most important factor that controls what kinds of organisms live in an ecosystem and how many organisms that ecosystem can support.
Energy supply limits the length of food chains.
During every energy transfer within an ecosystem, energy is lost as heat.
The 10 % rule refers to the idea that only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is available to the level above it. The rest is lost as heat.
The water cycle, carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle include substances that are required by living things. In these cycles chemical are recycled through both the biotic an abiotic factors in the environment.
 Define the following terms: ecosystem, habitat, niche, community, trophic level, population, biome, succession, food chain, food web, producer, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, biomass.
 What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? Give an example of each.
 Describe the difference between a food chain and a food web. Give an example of each.
 Why are food webs more commonplace than food chains?
 What do the carbon, nitrogen and water cycle have in common?

Ch. 6
FYI: About 2 trillion cells are produced by an adult human body every day! This is about 25 million cells per second!
Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes they reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission. This is asexual reproduction.
Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes they reproduce by mitosis.
Eukaryotic body cells have a diploid number of chromosome. This means that the chromosomes come in matching pairs.
Eukaryotic sex cells ( egg and sperm) have a haploid number of chromosomes.
Both cells have two types of chromosome. Autosomes (#’s 1-22) which code for all of the organisms traits except sex; and sex chromosomes ( # 23) which determines the sex of an organism.
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
Changes in the chromosome number or structure can cause abnormal development. Karyotypes are used to examine and individual’s chromosomes.
The cell cycle includes interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis maintains the chromosomal number and produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
Mitosis is vital for growth and repair.
 Define the following terms: gamete, binary fission, gene, chromosome, chromatid, centromere, homologous chromosome, diploid, haploid, zygote, autosome, sex chromosome, karyotype, cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, cancer, spindle fibers.
 If a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes, how many are in the haploid cell?
 Why do the egg and sperm have a haploid number of chromosomes?
 State the 5 stages of the cell cycle and state what happens in each phase.
 In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time?
 List the 4 phase of mitosis and state the key event in each phase.
 What happens in cytokinesis?
 What is the result of nondisjuntion?
 The X and Y are the sex chromosomes. What combination codes for a girl? What combination codes for a boy?

Ch. 7 and Ch. 8
Reproduction may be asexual or sexual.
During sexual reproduction: independent assortment, crossing over and random fertilization create new genetic combinations.
Meiosis is called “reduction- division” because the process reduces the chromosomal number in half and then divides the sister chromatids.
Meiosis has 2 divisions and takes place in 8 phases.
Meiosis in males starts with one diploid cell and ends with four haploid sperm cells.
Meiosis in females starts with one diploid cell and ends with only one egg cell
(ovum). This is due to unequal division of the cytoplasm in cytokinesis. The other 3 cells in the female are referred to as polar bodies.
 Compare and contrast asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction.
 What is a homologous chromosome? When does the separation of homologous chromosomes occur?
 What is crossing over? When does it occur?
 Who is Gregor Mendel? What contribution did he make to science?
 What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
 What is the law of Independent Assortment?
 Define the following and write an example for each: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygote , genotype, phenotype, sex-linked trait, mutation.
 Given: T=tall and t= short. Use a punnett square to cross two heterozygotes.
What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation? What is the phenotypic ratio for the F1 generation?

Ch. 9 and Ch.10
The central dogma of protein synthesis is DNA---RNA----Protein.
The genetic code is universal for all life forms. The fact that we are all created by the same building blocks, supports the scientific theory of evolution on a molecular level!
Sequence means everything! The sequence of the DNA nucleotides determines the sequence of the mRNA nucleotide which determines the sequence of the amino acid chain…which ultimately determines the trait. EX/eye color
 What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?
 Who were Watson and Crick and what did they contribute to science?
 What is DNA replication?
 Given the sequence ATTGATCAGCCA, what would the complementary strand of
DNA be?
 Where does replication take place?
 What is transcription?
 Where does transcription take place?
 What is translation where does it take place?
 If the DNA template being transcribed is ATTCAGTATCCG, what is the mRNA molecule that is created?
 Using the mRNA molecule produced (from the question above) and the genetic code on page 211 write out the amino acid sequence.
 Compare the DNA molecule with the RNA molecule.
 What is each nucleotide triplet in mRNA called?
 What is the triplet on the tRNA molecule called?