CHAPTER 22 RESPIRATORY
respiration processes
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pulmonary ventilation
• move air
in / out lungs
external respiration
• exchange gases
air - blood
transportation of gases
internal respiration
• exchange gases
blood - cells
cell respiration
• glucose  ATP
use O2
make CO2
Respiratory system
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pulmonary ventilation
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external respiration
functions of respiratory system
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gas exchange
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temperature regulation
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acid – base regulation
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move air
filter air
warm air
exchange gases
vocal production
smell
parts of respiratory system
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conducting zone
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respiratory zone
move air
• nose , nasal cavities
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchus and its branches
exchange gases
• respiratory bronchioles
• alveoli and alveolar ducts
parts of conducting zone
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upper respiratory tract
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lower respiratory tract
above thoracic cavity
• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• lung
within thoracic cavity
nose
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external nares = nostril
nasal septum = ??
nasal conchae and meatus
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superior, middle, inferior
function ??
vestibule
posterior nasal aperture =
internal nares
olfactory epithelium
superior
pseudostrat ciliated + neurons
paranasal sinuses
air filled
lined with same mucosa
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which bones ??
respiratory mucosa
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what kind of tissue ??
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also goblet cells
secrete mucus
functions :
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mucus traps dust, bacteria, other small particles
cilia moves contaminated mucus to pharynx
moistens and warms the air
pharynx
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nasopharynx
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pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
pharyngotympanic tube
respiratory mucosa
uvula
oropharynx
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stratified squamous epith
(friction from food)
palatine , lingual tonsils
laryngopharynx
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divides to
esophagus (food)
larynx
(air)
larynx
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= voice box
hyoid bone to trachea
function:
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air passage
cartilages
vocal production
vocal cords
tissues:
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superior to vocal cords
inferior to vocal cords
larynx - cartilages
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thyroid cartilage
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laryngeal prominence
=
Adam’s apple
cricoid cartilage
inferior, ring of cartilage
epiglottis
closes during swallowing
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vestibular ligament
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internal
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arytenoid (2)
anchor the vocal cords
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
larynx – vocal structures
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vocal cords = vocal folds
rima glottidis -
elastic ct
simple squamous epith
opening
glottis = rima glottidis + vocal cords
intrinsic muscles
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cricoarytenoid muscles
trachea
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= windpipe
job =
move air fast
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16 – 20 cartilage rings
keep trachea open
incomplete posteriorly
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trachealis muscle
posterior wall
contracts during cough
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carina
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
bronchial tree
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primary (main) bronchus
R&L
secondary (lobar) bronchi
3 right ; 2 left
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
10 each lung
bronchioles
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< 1mm diameter
elastic c.t replaces cartilage
simple cuboid or columnar
w/o cilia
smooth muscle
terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone
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respiratory bronchioles
lead into alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts
lead into alveoli
alveolar sacs
cluster of alveoli
alveoli
alveoli
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= functional units of gas exchange
alveolar type I cells
tissue?
capillaries
tissue?
respiratory membrane
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= alveolar + capillary epithelium + basal lamina
alveoli
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alveolar type II cells
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= septal cells
pulmonary surfactant
elastic c.t.
macrophages
respiratory histology
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startified squamous epithelium
nasal cavity
oro – and laryngopharynx
larynx above vocal cords
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respiratory epithelium
nasopharynx
larynx below vocal cords
trachea , bronchi and bronchioles
simple cuboidal epithelium
respiratory bronchioles
simple squamous epithelium
alveoli
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lungs
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apex
superior tip
base
diaphragmatic surface
surfaces
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costal
vertebral
mediastinal
• cardiac notch
L lung
• hilus
root
– pulmonary art and veins
– bronchus
– nerves
– lymph vessels
lobes of the lung
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right: superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
left:
fissures :
divide lobes
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superior lobe
inferior lobe
left
oblique fissue
right
oblique fissure
horizontal fissure
Pleura
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pleura
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parietal
visceral
pleural cavity
between 2 pleura
pleural fluid
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prevent friction
allows easy movement of lungs
sticky
holds lung close to thoracic wall
during inhalation
blood supply
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for gas exchange
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pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
for lung tissue
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bronchial arteries
bronchial veins
nerve supply
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parasympathetic
bronchoconstriction
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sympathetic
bronchodilation
vasodilation , vasoconstriction
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sensory
breathing muscles
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diaphragm
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intercostal muscles
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action
flattens - increases thoracic volume
external ICM
pull up and out
increase volume
internal ICM
pull down and in
decrease volume
neural control
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medulla
rhythmicity area
pons
hypothalamus, limbic
emotions
cerebrum
conscious control
sensory
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O2 , CO2 , pH changes
central chemoreceptors
• medulla,
hypothalamus
peripheral chemoreceptors
• carotid and aortic bodies
diseases
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asthma
COPD
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emphysema
chronic bronchitis
pneumonia
cystic fibrosis
atelectasis
cancer