HORMONES
HORMONE
SOURCE OF
HORMONE
CRH (corticotropin RH)
Hypothalamus
ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic
hormone)
GHRH
(growth hormone RH)
and GHIH
(growth hormone IH)
Anterior
pituitary
(tropic hormone)
Hypothalamus
AKA somatostatin
hGH
(human growth
hormone)
Anterior
pituitary
gnRH
(gonadatropin releasing
hormone)
LH(luteinizing
hormone) AKA
(lutotropin)
Hypothalamus
FSH (follicle
stimulating
hormone)AKA
(follitropin)
PIH (prolactin
Inhibiting Hormone)
dopamine
PRL (Prolactin)
AKA mammotropin
Anterior
pituitary (tropic
hormone)
PRH
(Prolactin releasing
hormone)
TRH
(thyrotropin releasing
hormone)
TSH(thyroid
stimulating hormone)
AKA(thyrotropin)
MSH (melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone)
AKA (melanotropin)
Anterior
pituitary (tropic
hormone)
TARGET
TISSUE OR
ORGAN
Anterior
pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Anterior
pituitary
ALL cells;
bone and
skeletal
muscles
Anterior
pituitary
Ovaries
(follicle cells)
and testes
(interstitial
cells)
Ovaries and
testes
REGULATORY
HORMONE
HORMONES EFFECT ON
TARGET
CRH stimulated by low levels
of glucocorticoids and inhibited
by high levels of
glucocorticoids
Stimulated by CRH
Stimulates release of ACTH
GHRH inhibited by high levels
of somatomedins
GHIH stimulated by high
levels of somatomedins
(compounds stimulating tissue
growth; released by liver)
GHRH and GHIH
Triggers the release of
glucocorticoids
(cortisol)
Stimulates release of hGH
Inhibits release of hGH
Stimulates growth, protein
synthesis, lipid mobilization and
catabolism
gnRH stimulated by estrogen
and inhibited by high levels of
testosterone and progesterone
Stimulated by GnRH
Stimulates release of LH and FSH
Stimulated by GnRH and
inhibited by inhibin
Stimulates gamete production;
sperm and egg
Stimulates maturation of the ovaries;
stimulates the testes to produce
testosterone to produce sperm;
Sex hormone
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
PIH stimulated by high levels
of prolactin
Inhibits release of PRL(prolactin)
Anterior pituitary
Mammary
glands
Stimulates production of milk
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
Prolactin Releasing hormone
(PRH) with high estrogen
levels; and Prolactin inhibiting
hormone (PIH) with low
estrogen levels; accounts for
swollen breast prior to
menstruation
PRH inhibited by high levels of
Prolactin
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
Stimulates release of TSH and hGH
Anterior pituitary
(tropic hormone)
Thyroid
Stimulates to produce and
secrete Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)
Stimulated by TRH
Anterior Pituitary
Melanocytes
Inhibited by dopamine; MSHIH
Increase the production of melanin
in the epidermis; secreted during
fetal dev., early childhood,
pregnancy, and certain diseases
Stimulates release of PRL
Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4
OT
(oxytocin)
Neurohypophyseal
hormones
Positive Feedback
ADH
(Antidiuretic
hormone)
Neurohypophyseal
hormone
Produced by
hypothalamus and
secreted by
Posterior
pituitary
Uterus, mammary
glands
Stimulated by
nipple stimulation,
drug pitocin, and
start of labor
Uterine contractions; release of milk (let
down) from PRL; sometimes used to stop
postpartum bleeding; cuddling hormone
Produced by
hypothalamus and
secreted by
Posterior
pituitary
Kidneys, sweat
glands
ADH production
and release
stimulated by low
blood volume, low
blood pressure,
high osmotic
pressure in the
blood, turned off
by alcohol and
caffeine
Increase water retention; inhibits urine
formation;
AKA
vasopressin
T4 (thyroxin)
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormone
Secreted by follicle
cells
Main hormone of
metabolism
T3
(triiodothyronine)
Calcitonin
PTH (Parathyroid
hormone)
AKA
parathormone
Thyroid gland
Most formed at
target tissues by
converting T4 to
T3
Thyroid gland
Produced by the
parafollicular cclear cells
Chief cells of
Parathyroid gland
Most body cells
except adult brain,
spleen, testes,
uterus, and the
thyroid gland itself
Stimulated by TSH
Increase energy utilization, body heat
production oxygen consumption, growth, and
development; stimulates enzymes concerned
with glucose oxidation, increase BMR;
Increase # of adrenergic receptors in BV
Most body cells
Stimulated by TSH
“……………”
Bones and kidneys
Stimulated by
elevated Ca2+
Decreases blood Ca2+
Bone, kidneys,
intestine
Stimulated by low
blood Ca2+ levels;
PTH effects are
enhanced by
calcitriol and
opposed by
calcitonin
Controls Ca2+ balance in the blood in bone to
release Ca and phosphates into blood; in
kidneys to enhance reabsorption of Ca; in the
intestine to increase absorption of Ca; causes
conversion of Vit. D into its active form,
calcitriol
NE
(norepinephrine)
noraadrenaline
AKA
catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
(nervous tissue SNS)
Most cells
Blood vessels,
liver, heart
Stimulated by
activated
sympathetic
preganglionic
fibers (Ach
release)
Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure,
glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels;
release of lipids by adipose tissue; more
potent for vasoconstriction and BP
Epinephrine
AKA
catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
Most cells, blood
vessels, liver, heart
Stimulated by
activated
sympathetic
preganglionic
fibers (Ach
release)
Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure,
glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels;
release of lipids by adipose tissue; more
potent for heart and metabolic activities.
Aldosterone
Most potent 95% of
(mineralocorticoids)
Adrenal cortex
(glandular tissue;
majority of gland)
Kidneys
Increase renal absorption of Na+ and water
and accelerate urinary loss of K+; crave
salty foods
Cortisol
Most important
(glucocorticoids)
Adrenal cortex
Most body cells
Androgens
(Gonadocorticoids)
AKA
Sex hormones
Testosterone is most
important
Adrenal cortex
General; no effect
on sexual
characteristics
Glucagon
Secreted by alpha
cells of the
pancreas
Liver, adipose
tissues
Insulin
Secreted by beta
cells of the
pancreas
Most cells
Testosterone &
Testes
Testes;
Stimulated by
ACTH
Stimulated by low
blood glucose
concentration;
inhibited by GHIH
like hormone from
delta cells
Stimulated by high
blood glucose
concentrations;
inhibited by GHIH like hormones
Stimulated by LH
Stimulated by FSH
Inhibin
Anterior pituitary
Estrogen
Uterus
Progesterone
Uterus
(regulates period,
pregnancy)
Increase blood sugar; keeps blood glucose
levels constant; very active responding to
stress; anti-inflammatory; enhance epi’s
vasoconstrictive effects to increase BP;
diseases Cushing’s disease and Addison’s
disease
Seem to be related to the female’s sex
drive
Promotes glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis from
lactic acid, fats & AA; elevates blood glucose
concentrations
Lowers blood sugar; affects protein and fat
metabolism; enhances transport of glucose
Sperm maturation; secondary sex characteristics
and sex drive; necessary for sperm production;
maintains sex organs in their functional state;
Inhibin inhibits FSH release
Maturation of reproductive organs; appearance
of secondary sex characteristics; breast
development and cyclic changes
Ovaries
Relaxin
pelvis, cervix
(dilates cervix and
birth canal)
Inhibin
anterior pituitary
(inhibits FSH
release)
Thymosins
Thymus
Lymphocytes and
other cells of the
immune response
Inhibited by sex
hormones
Development of the T lymphocytes; coordinate
and regulate immune response
ANP
(atrial natriuretic
peptide)
Gastrin; secretin;
serotonin
Estrogen,
progesterone,
hCH, hCS
Erythropoietin,
Heart
Kidney, adrenal
cortex
Reduces BP; blood volume, and blood Na
concentration
Gastrointestinal
tract
Placenta
Stomach, liver,
pancreas
Uterus, ovary,
mammary gland
Stimulates local acting digestive hormones
Kidneys
Bone marrow
Signals production of RBC;
powerful vasoconstrictor
Maintains pregnancy
Renin
Cholecalciferol
Leptin
Skin
Adipose tissue
Precursor of Vit. D
Sensation of satiety (fullness)
Reduces insulin sensitivity
Resistin