ALKANES

Contain single
bonds
 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
 Saturated
hydrocarbon
 Substitution reaction
Cycloalkanes

If the carbon chain that forms the straightchain hydrocarbon is long enough, the two
ends coming together to form a cycloalkane.
 One hydrogen atom has to be removed from
each end of the hydrocarbon chain to form
the CC bond that closes the ring.
 Cycloalkanes therefore have two less
hydrogen atoms than the parent alkane and a
generic formula of CnH2n.
Examples of cycloalkanes
The smallest alkane that can form a ring
is cyclopropane, C3H6, in which the
three carbon atoms lie in the same
plane.
 The angle between adjacent CC bonds
is only 60° as seen in the model below:

Molecular models of
cycloalkanes:
cyclohexane
cyclobutane
cyclopropane
cyclopentane
Name the following:

The following compound, for example,
is a derivative of pentane because the
longest chain contains five carbon
atoms:
Thus, its name is 2-methylpentane
Naming the cycloalkanes:


Find the longest continuous loop of
carbon atoms in the skeleton structure.
Name the compound as a derivative of
the cycloalkane with this number of
carbon atoms:
3-C = cyclopropane
4-C = cyclobutane
5-C = cyclopentane
Name the following
cycloalkanes:
Rings (or cyclic compounds) are composed of rings of carbon
and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen. For example, cyclohexane
has a ring of six carbon atoms.
cyclopropane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexanebromocyclohexane cyclohexene
cyclohexane
Alkenes






Contain a double bond
Unsaturated
Addition reactions
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
1-butene
Polymerize
Alkynes

WHAT IS AN ALKYNE ????
 WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE ?
 WHAT IS IT’S STRUCTURE ?
 QUIZ
A hydrocarbon with triple
bonds.
These make up the alkyne
family
Ethyne
C2H2
H- C C - H
Ethyne
C2H2
WHICH ONE IS AN ALKYNE?
It’s not this one.
Try again
You got it !!!!!
HOW DO WE NAME IT ?
Name the Alkane compound
with an -yne ending for a triple
bond.
The alkane methane as an alkyne….
What is it’s name ?
methyne
The aromatic hydrocarbons:
Benezene is good example: C6H6
Interior ring formed by three
double C-C bonds
Also called a benzene ring
The carboxylic acids:
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a
contraction of the carbonyl and hydroxyl names since
carboxylic acids contain both groups attached to one carbon.
Often written as: RCOOH or RCO2H
IUPAC Nomenclature
Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e of the alkane
root name with -oic and adding the word acid. Substituents on
the chain are named as usual.
Some common acids:
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
2-methylpropanoic acid
IUPAC naming of acids:
The table below gives common and IUPAC names for some of
the simple carboxylic acids.
IUPAC Name
Common Name
Formula
methanoic acid
formic acid
HCOOH
ethanoic acid
acetic acid
CH3COOH
propanoic acid
propionic acid
CH3CH2COOH
butanoic acid
butyric
CH3(CH2)2COOH
pentanoic acid
valeric
CH3(CH2)3COOH
Alcohols

R–OH
 R= alkyl group
 Poisonous
 Good solvents
 CH3CH2CH2OH
 1-propanol
Ethers







R-O-R/
If R=R/ symmetrical
CH3-O-CH3
Dimethyl ether
CH3-O-CH2CH3
Ethylmethyl ether
Non-polar solvents
ALDEHYDES



O
Carbonyl group –C—
O
H - C -H
Methanal
http://www.chem.uni.edu/~macmil
la/mcmurry/mcmurry_chapter_19a
/sld001.htm
Esters
Formed by a reaction of an acid and an alcohol.
Conversion of acids into esters is called esterification.
Ester structure
Ketones
General structure R—CO—R'
Organic compounds, usually react
AMINES





Contain nitrogen
R-NH2
CH3-NH2
Methylamine
Polar substance