Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Macromolecules
Nancy Dow
Kathrine Alexander
Gulf Coast State College
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98
753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401
Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551
877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Pre-test
Breaks
Explanation of Q & A boards
Asking questions
Our approach to the standards & to this lesson
Florida Next Generation Sunshine
State Standards
• SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular
structures and primary functions of the four
major categories of biological macromolecules.
(MODERATE)
Example of a chemical formula : C6H12O6
Example of a molecular structure:
Item Specs
•
Benchmark
Clarifications
Content Limits
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.18.1
Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Students will describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms.
Items will not refer to intermolecular forces found in the four types
of macromolecules.
Items will not assess hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
Bell ringer
We really are
what we eat!
How does that stuff get to
be part of what we are?
Elements of Life
• 96% of living
organisms is made of:




carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
3
Molecules of Life
• Put C, H, O, N together in
different ways to build living
organisms
• What are bodies made of?
– carbohydrates
• sugars & starches
– proteins
– fats (lipids)
– nucleic acids
• DNA, RNA
4
Don’t forget water
• Water
– 65% of your body is H2O
– water is inorganic
• doesn’t contain carbon
• Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
– organic molecules
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids
5
Carbon atoms have unique bonding
properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four
other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
– straight chain
– branched chain
– ring
6
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of
many small subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many monomers.
7
Four main types of carbon-based molecules
are found in living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
8
Four main types of carbon-based
molecules are found in living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
– Carbohydrates include sugars
and starches.
– Monosaccharides are simple
sugars.(monomer)
– Polysaccharides include
starches, cellulose, and
glycogen. (polymer)
9
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to
provide energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
monomer
Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure
10
Monomers and Polymers
• Monomers combine to form Polymers through
the process of Dehydration Synthesis.
Let’s make some polymers!!!!
• …and break them apart to form monomers
again.
Use the patterns of glucose molecules to build
a model of dehydration synthesis. Remember
to keep H’s and OH’s that you may remove in
order to show that water is also a product of
this reaction.
The reverse process of
Dehydration Synthesis is
Hydrolysis.
Dehydration – loose water
Hydro – water
Synthesis – to build or make
Lysis – to burst or break
What do you need to do to your
model to show hydrolysis?
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and
cholesterol.
– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride
11
• Lipids have several different functions.
– broken down as a source of energy
– make up cell membranes
– used to make hormones
12
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms.
16
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms.
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
17
• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino
acids.
– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
Hemoglobin
hydrogen bond
– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and
function.
18
Hemoglobin in red blood cells
transports oxygen. The structure
of hemoglobin depends on
hydrogen bonds between specific
amino acids. Just one amino acid
change causes red blood cells to
have the curved shape
characteristic of sickle cell
anemia. (colored SEM;
magnification 3500 X)
Functions of proteins
• Functions—many, including enzymes, oxygen
transport, and muscle movement
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
20
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule,
called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
21
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a
nitrogen base.
DNA
– DNA stores genetic
information.
– RNA transfers genetic
RNA
information.
22
DNA vs. RNA
• Pentose sugars – 5 carbon sugars
DNA vs. RNA:
Shape
• Double Helix
Single strand
DNA vs. RNA:
Nitrogenous Bases
• Macromolecule Matching
• Complete macromolecule chart
• Complete Compare/Contrast
Tests for Organic Compounds
Lab
•
Assign different portion of procedures to each group.
• Experiment
• Compile Data.
• Analyze Data.
SC.912.L.18.11* Explain the role of enzymes as
catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical
reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature,
and their effect on enzyme activity. (MODERATE)
Item Specs
•
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.18.1
Benchmark
Clarifications
Students will explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical
reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy.
Students will identify and/or describe the effect of environmental
factors on enzyme activity.
Content Limits
Items referring to the role of enzymes as catalysts will use a biological
context and not require knowledge of specific enzymes.
Items referring to the factors that affect enzyme activity are limited to
concentration, pH, and temperature.
Items will not require specific knowledge of how an enzyme reacts at a
certain pH or temperature.
Items will not assess the enzyme-substrate complex.
Enzymes
Enzymes are
proteins that
have a
particular
shape and
structure.
Site of Activation
Characteristics of enzymes
• Enzymes are specific – Lock and Key
Model
• Enzymes are biological catalysts – they
speed up chemical reactions without being
used up.
• Enzymes work at optimum temperatures and
pH.
What do you think is the optimum temperature for enzymes in
the human body?
Characteristics of enzymes
• Enzymes can be denatured –
destroyed.
1. Increase the temperature
or
2. Change the pH
Cooling or Freezing will slow the enzyme
down, but will not denature it.
Enzymes
– Are a type of protein that act as catalysts,
speeding up chemical reactions
1 Active site is available for
a molecule of substrate, the
reactant on which the enzyme acts.
Substrate
(lactose)
2 Substrate binds to
enzyme.
Enzyme
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Glucose
OH
Enzyme
(lactase)
H2O
galactose
H O
Enzyme-product
complex
4 Products are released.
Figure 5.16
3 Substrate is converted
to products.
Rate of Reaction
• Rate of enzyme reactions are based on
random collision of molecules –
enzyme and substrate molecules.
– What effect would substrate concentration have
on the rate of reaction?
– What happens to the rate of reaction as the
substrate molecules are catalyzed?
– What happens to the enzyme molecules?
Let’s watch some enzyme
reactions.
2H2O2  H2O + O2
Effect of Enzyme on Reaction
Rate
Reactants
Free energy
Amount of
energy
released
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
(a) Exothermic reaction: energy released
Free energy
Products
Energy
Reactants
Progress of the reaction
(b) Endothermic reaction: energy required
Enzyme Catalysis Lab
• Assign different portion of procedures
to each group.
• Experiment
• Compile Data.
• Analyze Data.
Follow up
•
•
•
•
Q/A Board
Problem solving issues in class
Demo Toothpick-ase Lab
Highlight Lactase Lab
Post Test