CHAPTER 1-B
Matter
CHEMISTRY
THIRD EDITION
Gilbert | Kirss | Foster | Davies
© 2012 by W. W. Norton & Company
Chemistry
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Chemistry
Chemistry: The science of matter and
the changes it can undergo
Ira Remsen’s Reaction:
“Nitric Acid acts upon Copper.”
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Ira Remsen
“A most costly experiment…”
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Ira Remsen
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq)
→
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
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Elements
•
A substance that consists only of atoms with the
same atomic number.
•
Chemical Symbol: A collection of 1 or 2 letters
used to represent an element.
•
First chemical symbols were assigned by John
Dalton in 1803 (no longer in use)
•
Some modern chemical symbols: Hg, Zn, Mg
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John Dalton
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John Dalton
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John Dalton’s Symbols
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John Dalton’s Symbols
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Chemistry and the Elements
Names of Some Common Elements and Their Symbols
Aluminum
Al
Chlorine
Cl
Manganese
Mn
Copper (cuprium)
Cu
Argon
Ar
Fluorine
F
Nitrogen
N
Iron (ferrum)
Fe
Barium
Ba
Helium
He
Oxygen
O
Lead (plumbum)
Pb
Boron
B
Hydrogen
H
Phosphorus
P
Mercury (hydrargyrum)
Hg
Bromine
Br
Iodine
I
Silicon
Si
Potassium (kalium)
K
Calcium
Ca
Lithium
Li
Sulfur
S
Silver (argentum)
Ag
Carbon
C
Magnesium
Mg
Zinc
Zn
Sodium (natrium)
Na
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Elements and the Periodic Table
•
Periods: The seven horizontal rows that group
elements based on their principal quantum number.
•
Groups: The 18 vertical columns that group
elements based on their angular momentum
quantum number.
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Elements and the Periodic Table
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Elements and the Periodic Table
•
Main Groups:
s-block elements: Two groups on the left (1 & 2)
p-block elements: Six groups on the right (13–18)
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Transition Metal Groups:
d-block elements: Ten groups in the middle (3–12)
f-block elements: Fourteen groups between 3 & 4 are
called inner transition metals.
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Elements and the Periodic Table
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Elements and the Periodic Table
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Elements
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Elements
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Elements
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Elements
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Elements
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Properties of Matter
•
Matter: anything that has both mass & volume.
•
Properties: describe or identify matter.
•
Intensive Properties do not depend on amount.
•
Extensive Properties do depend on amount.
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Properties of Matter
•
Physical Properties can be determined without
changing the chemical makeup of the sample.
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Some typical physical properties are:
Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density, Mass, Touch, Taste,
Temperature, Size, Color, Hardness, Conductivity.
•
Some typical physical changes are:
Melting, Freezing, Boiling, Condensation, Evaporation,
Dissolving, Stretching, Bending, Breaking.
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Properties of Matter
•
Chemical Properties are those that do change the
chemical makeup of the sample.
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Some typical chemical properties are:
Burning, Cooking, Rusting, Color change, Souring of milk,
Ripening of fruit, Browning of apples, Taking a photograph,
Digesting food.
•
Note: Chemical properties are actually chemical changes.
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Properties of Matter
PHYSICAL
CHANGE
PROPERTIES
New form of old
substance.
No new substances
formed.
CHEMICAL
Old substance
destroyed.
New substance
formed.
Description by senses – List of chemical
shape, color, odor, etc.
changes possible.
Measurable properties –
density, boiling point,
etc.
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Properties of Matter
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Properties of Matter
•
Homogeneous matter has the same appearance,
composition, and properties throughout.
•
Heterogeneous matter has visibly different
phases which can be seen, or properties that vary
through the substance.
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Properties of Matter
•
Pure substances have a distinct set of physical
and chemical properties and cannot be separated
by physical changes.
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A mixture is two or more pure substances that can
be separated by physical changes.
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Properties of Matter
•
An element is a pure substance with its own set of
physical and chemical properties that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances.
•
A compound is a pure substance that can be
decomposed by a chemical change into two or
more pure substances.
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Properties of Matter
• Matter
Classification: Matter can be
subdivided into mixtures and pure substances.
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Mixture Video
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Properties of Matter
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Properties of Matter
•
Metals: Found on left side of periodic table.
•
Nonmetals: Found on the right side of periodic
table.
•
Semimetals: Form a zigzag line at the boundary
between metals and nonmetals.
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Properties of Matter
•
Which of the following represents a mixture?
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Properties of Matter
•
If the red spheres are oxygen and the white are
hydrogen, which of the following represents (a)
hydrogen peroxide, (b) hydroxide ions, and (c) a
mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas?
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