Lactate Response of Elite Road Cyclists.
Background.
What is being tested? – Lactate response to exercise within an elite road cyclist.
 Why is it relevant? – It can be determined through submaximal testing and has
been suggested to be a better marker of endurance performance than VO2 max
 What can the test offer? – Indicator of training adaptation, correlate with
endurance performance and indicate optimal training stimuli.
 Blood Lactate Accumulation. (Physiology, Buffering).
 Terminology & Definitions (Lactate Threshold and Onset of Blood Lactate
Accumulation).
 More Specific terminology associated with higher validity and reliability.
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Underlying Theory.
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Lack of oxygen is not necessarily responsible for an increase in lactate production or even
lactate accumulation. Other causative factors may play a more significant role.
Blood lactate accumulation represents only the balance of production and removal. It says
nothing about the absolute values of either of these.
Only relatively short, very intense activity causes lactic acid to accumulate. Lactic acid is not
thought to be a contributor to fatigue in low-moderate intensity activity of any duration.
Lactate is an important substrate that can be used during sub maximal exercise, recovery and
at rest. It is the preferred source of fuel for the heart and brain.
Lactic acid or lactate ‘pooling’ is not the cause of delayed muscle soreness.
Lactate accumulation and not necessarily an increase in production, causes an increase
concentration of hydrogen ions and corresponding acidosis. Lactate production may actually
help to curb the development of acidosis.
Acidosis is thought to be a primary factor in muscular fatigue and is based on a good deal of
research. Recent research is contesting this claim but it is still too early to dismiss acidity as a
cause of fatigue.
Training accelerates lactate clearance, reduces lactate accumulation at any given workload
and results in a greater level of lactate accumulation during maximal effort.
This is clearly an area that is far from resolved but what seems clear is that lactate can no
longer be labelled definitively as the athlete’s enemy. On the contrary, gathering evidence
suggests that many aspects of lactate production are beneficial to athletic performance.
(McArdle et al, 2006; Weltman 1995)
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Relevant Tests.
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Protocol related factors must have considerations :Predictive assessments won’t be considered due to
error (MHR, HRR and VO2 max). The Conconi test
(Conconi et al. 1982) has been shown to have a
significant degree of measurement error, contrasting
data shows Ratings of Perceived Exertion may be of a
better relation, even though cause and effect cannot
be established. Direct measurement is the preferred.
Lab vs. Field.
Invasive and non-invasive (Lactate Analyzer).
Ergometer type.
Continuous vs. Discontinuous.
Arterial vs. Venous sampling site.
Do not disregard factors such as – muscle fibre type,
substrate availability, caffeine usage and training state.
Altitude and ambient temperature can also affect the
response.
(Weltman, 1995)
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Relevant Tests.
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Field Based – (30-Minute Time Trial).
Assuming maximal, well-paced effort can elicit reliable and accurately reflected time
trial specific fitness. Power and H.R., will gauge L.T. paired with Blood Lactate
Analysis.
However limitations can occur through – (e.g. - calibration of equipment and bicycle)
(Jeukendrup et al. 1996; Coyle et al. 1991)
Lab Based – (Graded Exercise Test).
Transitions can correlate well with individual time-trial performance. (“A 10%
improvement in anaerobic threshold would decrease 26km individual time trial by
approximately 4%)
Testing procedures must be applied stringently.
(Coyle et al. 1988, Craig et al. 1993)
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My Chosen Test.
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Lab test – for gauging level of thresholds.
Testing equipment – Athletes preference.
SRM Type Ergometer, fully calibrated
with adapted cycle pedals, flywheel and
gears. (Hyperbolic setting)
Gas collection & gas analysis equipment.
Heart rate and ECG recording
Continuous type. (For acquisition of
steady state.)
Assessment through, Lactate Pro
Portable Analyzer with analysis
equipment.
Fingertip sampled at intervals.
(McNaughton et al. 2002)
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Causes for Concern.
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Factors that are of concern for an
exercise physiologist;
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Work duration.
Calculation methods.
Technique associated with blood
collection.
Handling and analysis.
Ergometer type.
Ambient environment.
Pre-test exercise and diet.
(Gore, 2000)
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Conclusion.
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Lactate Debate – Is there any actual threshold or is it a point of reference that is
constantly changing and it doesn’t exist at all? Any delay in the onset of blood lactate
accumulation can be seen as beneficial to the athlete in question.
In researching the various tests, it would be more appropriate for an Elite cyclist to
test lactate response by using a laboratory based ergometer cycle due to the controlled,
and stable environment. However, it must be supplemented with a Field test for
further development.
The mass of information that can be gained, and the greater accuracy in the control of
workloads.
Also research has shown non significant differences between lab vs. field data
acquisition (Brettoni et al., 1989; Foster et al., 1993)
Although much is known about the blood lactate response to exercise, there
are many unanswered questions. At present it is known that the response is a
good method for predicting endurance performance and a useful technique
for monitoring the effects of training. In the future, information should be
forthcoming regarding optimal training techniques for improving the blood
lactate response to exercise and, in turn, for improving athletic performance.
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References.
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Ballarin, E., C. Borsetto, M. Cellini, M. Patracchini, P. Vitiello, P. G. Ziglio, and F. Conconi.
Adaptation of the "Conconi test" to children and adolescents. Int. J. Sports Med. 1989, 10: 334-338
Campbell ME, Hughson RL, Green HJ. Continuous increase in blood lactate concentration
during different ramp exercise protocols. J Appl Physiol. 1989 Mar;66(3):1104-7
Conconi, F., M. Ferrrari, P. G. Ziglio, P. Droghetti, and L. Codeca. Determination of the
anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982, 52: 862-873
Conconi, F., G. Grazze, I. Casoni, C. Guglielmini, C. Borsetto, E. Ballarin, G. Mazzoni, M.
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Sports Med. 1996, 17: 509-519.
Coyle, E.F., Feltner, M.E., Kautz, S.A. et al. (1991). Physiological and biomechanical factors
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Jeukendrup, A., Saris, W.H., Brouns, F., and Kester, A.D. (1996). A new validated endurance test.
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References.
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McNaughton, L.R., Thompson, D., Philips, G., Backx, K., and Crickmore, L. (2002). A
comparison of the Lactate pro, accusport, analox GM7 and Kodak ektachem Lactate analysers in
normal, hot and humid conditions. 23, 130-135.
Parker, D., R. A. Robergs, R. Quintana, C. C. Frankel, and G. Dallam. Heart rate threshold is not
a valid estimation of the lactate threshold. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1997, 29: S235
Pyne, D.B., Boston, T., Martin, D.T., and Logan, A. (2000). Evaluation of the Blood Lactate Pro
Analyser. European Journal of Applied Physiology.
Tokmakidis, S. P., and L. A. Leger. Comparison of mathematically determined blood lactate and
heart rate "threshold" points and relationship to performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 309-317
Vachon JA, Bassett Jr DR and Clarke S. Validity of the heart rate deflection point as a predictor
of lactate threshold during running. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 87: 452-459
Yeh MP, Gardner RM, Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Crapo RO. "Anaerobic threshold": problems
of determination and validation. J Appl Physiol. 1983, Oct;55(4):1178-86
Winter, E.M., Jones, A.M., Richard Davison, R.C., Bromley, P.D., and Mercer, T.H. (2007). Sport
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