Warm-Up:
1. Convert 14 km to meters
2. Convert 455 ml to liters
Practice:
1. 1285 ml to L
2. 19.78 km to m
3. 89234 m to km
4. .00564 km to m
5. 190 cm to m
6. 2423.232 mm to m
7. 1800 g to kg
8. 5343 hg to g
9. 4.545 L to ml
10. 2 days to seconds
Notes:
Matter
Matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space.
An atom is the smallest particle
into which an element can be
divided and still be the same
substance.
If you lined up 70 million
atoms, they would stretch
across your pencil eraser.
A piece of paper is 1 million
atoms thick.
An atom’s nucleus is its
center.
The nucleus contains
protons and neutrons
The atom is mostly empty space.
Think of a baseball inside of Turner
Field.
The number of protons
determines the element’s
identity
Warm-Up:
1. What is the “building
block of matter?”
2. The number of ______ in
the ______gives each
element its identity.
Number of protons
= Atomic Number
Electrons are negatively
charged particles in the
electron cloud
Electrons “orbit” in electron
shells
Energy Level # of electrons
1
2
2
8
3
18
4
32
The number of the period
(row) an element is in, is the
same as the number of
shells it has
The first shell needs to be full
before the second shell gets any
electrons.
The last, or outer, shell is called the
VALENCE SHELL.
The electrons in the valence shell
are called valence electrons
The number of valence
electrons determines
reactivity
Warm-Up:
1. How many valence electrons
does carbon have?
2. How many valence electrons
does sodium have?
3. How many valence electrons
does chlorine have?
Isotopes have different
numbers of neutrons in the
nucleus
Atomic Mass: Average Mass
of all isotopes in nature of
that element
Mass Number: Number of
protons and neutrons in the
atom
A covalent bond happens
when atoms share electrons
Warm-Up:
1. How many electrons can
fill the first shell of an atom?
How many can fill shells 2 &
3?
2. What is the valence shell?
3. Draw a oxygen atom
Molecules are made of
multiple atoms chemically
joined together.
Covalent bonds occur when
atoms SHARE electrons
Covalent bonds usually
happen between nonmetals
An ionic bond is between a
metal and nonmetal
An ionic bond happens
when electrons are
transferred between atoms.
This results in a positive ion
and a negative ion.
When atoms join to form
molecules, they create a
new substance with unique
properties
The new substance is a
compound
Sugar: C12H22O11
Warm-Up:
1. Which subatomic particles move
around the nucleus?
2. What makes atoms of elements
different from one another?
3. How many atoms of each
element does this formula have?
2H2O2
Identifying Compounds
• Each new element is identified by a capital
letter
• Example: H2SO4
– The elements in Sulfuric Acid
• Hydrogen
• Sulfur
• Oxygen
Subscripts
• C12H22O11
– There are 12 atoms of Carbon
– There are 22 atoms of Hydrogen
– There are 11 atoms of Oxygen
• If there is not a subscript listed, it is
understood to be 1.
• Example: NaCl
– There is one atom of Sodium
– There is one atom of Chlorine
NaHCO3
HCl
There are times you will see a compound with
parenthesis.
Pb(NO3)2
So, in counting the atoms, you would have the
following:
Lead –
Oxygen Nitrogen -
(NH4)3PO4
Mg(OH)2
Coefficient
2H2SO4
This means there are 2 compounds of Sulfuric
Acid. Think:
H2SO4
H2SO4
Counting the atoms:
Hydrogen –
Sulfur –
Oxygen -
3H3PO4
2H2O
On the Periodic Table,
Rows are called periods
On the Periodic Table,
Columns are called groups
Groups often have
similar properties
Tell which element goes with each symbol:
1. Au
2. C
3. Cu
4. O
5. H
6. Na
7. Cl
8. Al
9. Fe
10. Pb
Warm-Up:
1. Do all elements occur
naturally on earth?
2. Do all elements exist in equal
quantities?
3. What element is in group 8,
period 4?
4. What is krypton’s group and
period?
Stoichiometry is a branch
of chemistry that deals with
the relative quantities
of reactants and products in
chemical reactions.
Warm-Up:
1. Which is NOT an element:
-salt -gold -oxygen –iron
2. Which group of elements do not react to
form compounds?
3. What kind of bond forms between
sodium and chlorine?
4. What kind of bond forms between
hydrogen and carbon?
HgO + Cl2 → HgCl + O2
Warm-Up: (#9)
1. Where are the nonmetals
located on the PTOE?
2. Are there more metals,
metalloids, or nonmetals on
the PTOE?
Warm-Up: (#12)
1. Give an example of a
chemical property.
2. Why does a candle float
in water?
3. Where are the metals in
the periodic table?
1. If I have an atom with 25
protons, what element do I
have?
2. Is air a mixture,
compound, or pure
substance?
1. If I have an atom with 25
protons, what element do I
have?
2. Can a compound be
separated into simpler parts
by a physical process or a
chemical process?
1. In a reaction that starts
with 20 hydrogen atoms and
10 oxygen atoms, how many
atoms would be present at
the end of the reaction?
1. As temperature
increases, what happens to
molecular movement?
2. What do elements in the
same group have in
common?
1. What are some indicators
that a chemical reaction has
taken place?
2. The melting and boiling
points of a substance are
chemical or physical
properties?
Warm-Up: (#11)
1. What units are subatomic
particles (protons, neutrons,
& electrons) measured in?
2. What elements does the
compound Na2C2 contain?
1. What is wrong with the Acme salt ad?
2. Would buying sulfur electrical wire be a wise
choice? Explain.
3. Do you think that using electricity to combine
oxygen and hydrogen in your home could cause a
problem? Explain.
4. Would the Acme “Everlast Light Bulb” last longer
than an ordinary bulb? Explain.
5. Acme claims to have discovered a new element.
How canyou determine if this claim is true?
6. How would you go about classifying this new
element?
Target: (#36)
If you need help answering these questions, use Chapter 12,
Sec. 1
1. The elements are organized in a table called
the ______________.
2. Elements joined at the molecular level are
called _______________.
3. What element has the fewest number of
protons in its nucleus?
Ammonia: NH4
Warm-Up:
1. When atoms chemically bond
together, they create a ______.
2. Draw a nitrogen atom (with
shells)
Warm-Up:
1. __________ is made of particles
that have volume and mass.
2. Draw an oxygen atom.
3. How many valence electrons
does oxygen have?
Warm-Up:
1. What is an ion?
2. In bonding, would sodium
become a positive ion or a negative
ion? Why?
Warm-Up:
1. What is the most common
oxidation number for K?
2. What is the most common
oxidation number for Cl?
A Lewis dot diagram shows the
element symbol surrounded by
one to eight dots representing
the valence electrons.
An oxidation number indicates the charge on
the remaining atom (ion) when electrons are
lost, gained, or shared in chemical bonds.
A sodium atom always ionizes to become Na+ (a
charge of +1) when it combines with other
atoms to make a compound. Therefore, we say
that sodium has an oxidation number of 1+.
Predicting a chemical formula:
When elements combine in
molecules and ionic compounds, the
total electric charge is always zero.
-On the periodic table, strong electron donors are the left side
(alkali metals).
-Strong electron acceptors are on the right side (halogens).
The further apart two elements are on the periodic table, the
more likely they are to form an ionic compound.