Ozone Applications
By
Ed Knueve
ClearWater Tech, LLC.
Topics of Discussion




What ozone does not do
What ozone does well
Mass transfer basics
Applications:




Commercial well water treatment
Residential wells
Bottling plants
Water stores
What Ozone Does Not Do
What Ozone Does Not Do



Ozone is incapable of oxidizing
radon, methane, and nitrates
Below pH of 9, ozone is
incapable of oxidizing ammonia
at any practical rate
Ozone can not practically
oxidize any of the
trihalomethanes except very
slowly
What Ozone Does Not Do


Ozone can not oxidize chloride
ion to produce free chlorine at
any practical rate
Ozone cannot oxidize calcium,
magnesium, carbonate, or
bicarbonate ions; consequently,
ozone can not treat hardness or
alkalinity
What Ozone Does Do Well
What Ozone Does Well

Disinfection


Ozone kills bacteria, viruses, spores
and cysts through a process called
cellular lysis - an oxidation process in
which ozone ruptures the cellular
membrane of the micro-organisms and
disperses the cytoplasm into solution.
With bacteria such as E. Coli,
streptococcus fecalis, and legionella
pneumophila relatively low doses of
ozone are required and inactivation
occurs up to 3,125 times faster than
chlorine.
What Ozone Does Well

Disinfection:


A 3-log (99.9%) reduction of viruses can
be easily achieved with significantly
lower CT values than for chlorine.
Spores and cysts such as Giardia and
Cryptosporidium can be inactivated with
relatively high dosages of ozone. Crypto
requires increasingly higher dosages of
ozone for inactivation, currently with CT
values 5 times that of Giardia. There is
no established CT value for
Cryptosporidium inactivation with
chlorine.
What Ozone Does Well

Taste and Odor Control


Ozone oxidizes the organics such as
tannins, unsaturated aldehydes, humic
and fulvic acids, etc. responsible for
90% of taste and odor problems.
Algae Control

Ozone effectively kills plankton by
oxidizing essential organic compounds
that are part of the metabollic process.
What Ozone Does Well

Oxidation


Ozone’s powerful oxidation potential
can remove a variety of man-made
organic compounds including
pesticides, VOCs, SOCs, and other
micro pollutants.
Pre-oxidation

Ozone’s powerful oxidation potential
can precipitate dissolved iron,
manganese, and sulfide faster than any
other commonly used oxidants, aiding
removal by direct filtration
Benefits of Ozone

Generated on site


More powerful than chlorine


No transportation or storage required.
100 times the oxidizing power of
chlorine without the handling problems
Reverts to oxygen leaving no
telltale taste or odor to be
removed

Greatly simplifies water chemistry and
control.
Mass Transfer Basics
Mass Transfer Basics

Mass transfer is the movement
of molecules of a substance to
and across an interface from
one phase to another.

i.e.: the amount of ozone that transfers
from air, across the air-water interface
and into water.
Mass Transfer Basics

Factors affecting transfer of
gas into liquid:


Pressure: as pressure increases, more
gas is forced into liquid.
Temperature of the water/gas mixture:
at lower temperatures, ozone gas is
more easily absorbed into liquid. At
higher temperatures, water tries to
release gas rather than absorb it.
Mass Transfer Basics:

Factors affecting the transfer of
gas into liquid:


Bubble size: as a gas is broken down
into more and more smaller bubbles,
the total surface area of the bubbles
increase, thus increasing the surface
area for interaction of ozone and water.
Concentration of ozone in the carrier
gas: at higher ozone concentration in
the carrier gas, higher amounts of
ozone are absorbed into the water.
Mass Transfer Basics

Concentration of ozone in the carrier
gas:

Ultra violet ozone generators
- 0.01% to 0.10%
concentration by weight
(0.10% concentration = 1,000 ppm)

Corona discharge ozone generators
- 1.0% to 6.0% concentration
by weight
(1.0% concentration = 10,000 ppm)

The concentration of ozone gas is
determined at a standard temperature
of 68º F (20º C) and standard pressure
of 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi).
Mass Transfer Basics

Concentration of ozone in the carrier
gas:


At the same percentage of mass
transfer efficiency, a CD ozone
generator will deliver more ozone to the
water than an UV ozone generator.
Ozone concentration directly affects it’s
ability to become soluble in water.
Mass Transfer Basics

Concentration of ozone in the carrier gas:
Gas Phase Ozone Concentration (Percentage by Weight)
Temperature
0.001%
UV
(254 nm)
0.1%
UV
(185 nm)
1.0%
CD
1.5%
CD
2.0%
CD
3.0%
CD
Equilibrium Ozone Water Solubility(mg/L)
5°C/41°F
0.007
0.74
7.39
11.09
14.79
22.18
25°C/77°F
0.004
0.35
3.53
5.29
7.05
10.58
30°C/86°F
0.003
0.27
2.70
4.04
5.39
8.09
Aeration vs. Venturi Injection

Bubble diffusion





Pressure in the system created by
water column - relatively low pressures
Taller tanks will increase system
pressure.
Large bubble size - smaller total surface
area for ozone and water interface to
occur
Diffusion devices with smaller pore
sizes are more likely to clog.
Mass transfer efficiencies up to 75%,
typically around 50%.
Aeration vs. Venturi Injection

Venturi injection



Differential pressure venturi injector
technology utilizes water flow to create
a vacuum to pull ozone gas into water.
A turbulent interaction of the ozone gas
and water occurs at the throat of the
injector as the gas/water stream
compresses, expands, and
recompresses rapidly creating
cavitation.
Very fine bubbles are created allowing
more total surface area for ozone and
water interface to occur.
Aeration vs. Venturi Injection

Venturi injection




The back pressure at the outlet of the
injector allows higher levels of ozone to
dissolve into solution.
Typically requires a 20 psi pressure
differential.
When properly sized, up to 99% mass
transfer efficiencies can be achieved.
Mazzei venturi sizing?
Applications
ClearWater Tech, LLC
Ozone Manufacturer
Commercial Water Sizing Guide
 What is the specific application? Well water treatment? Bottling?
Waste water treatment? Etc.
 What is the treatment goal? Oxidation (iron, manganese,
hydrogen sulfide)? How much? Do you have a water analysis?
Disinfection? Product residual? Etc.
 Is this a brand new installation or a retrofit of an existing water
treatment system?
 What is the source of the water? Well? Municipal? Lake? Etc.
 What is the temperature of the water?
ClearWater Tech, LLC
Ozone Manufacturer
Commercial Water Sizing Guide
 What is the pH of the water?
 What additional treatment systems are currently or will be used in
conjunction with the ozone system?
 Do you plan on recirculating an atmospheric storage tank or
injecting ozone in-line in a single pass system?
 If you plan on recirculating, what is the total volume of the
atmospheric storage tank? What is the flow rate in to the tank of
the make-up water? What is the flow rate out of the tank to the
point of use? How is the tank level controlled?
ClearWater Tech, LLC
Ozone Manufacturer
Commercial Water Sizing Guide
 If you plan on using a single pass system, what is the flow rate
and operating pressure at the point of injection? Is there a
required pressure at the point of use? If so, what is the pressure?
 Do you want to automate the system?
 What is the available electrical power? 120 VAC, 60 Hz? 240
VAC, 60Hz? 220 VAC, 50 Hz? Etc. Single or three phase?
 Please provide a detailed schematic of your current or proposed
system indicating where you would like to inject ozone. Include
flow rates and operating pressures. Indicate pipe sizes.
Commercial Water Treatment
Commercial Water Treatment

Water source



Well water - generally very good quality;
ozone used for pre-oxidation of dissolved
metals including iron, manganese, and
sulfides into filterable precipitate
Wells with surface water intrusion generally very good quality; ozone used
for pre-oxidation of dissolved metals into
filterable precipitate and disinfection,
typically coliform bacteria
Surface water - varying water quality;
ozone used for primary disinfection, color,
taste, and odor removal
Commercial Water Treatment

Disinfection




Independent of pH.
Spores and cysts including Giardia,
Cryptosporidium, etc. - sizing based on
CT values, typically requires high
dosages
Currently, the EPA recognizes ozone as
the only oxidant capable of
Cryptosporidium inactivation - CT
values 5 times that of Giardia
Bacteria and viruses including coliform
bacteria, E. Coli, Legionella, etc. applied dosage of 1.5 mg/l
recommended
Commercial Water Treatment

Disinfection: the C.T. value concept



C = the residual concentration of the
disinfectant in mg/L measured at or
before the first point of consumption
T = the contact time required (in
minutes) for water to travel from the
point of injection to the point where C is
measured the residual
For example: A 0.4 disinfection residual
after a 4 minute contact time (.4 x 4 =
1.6) will yield a CT value of 1.6.
CT Values for Giardia Cyst Inactivation by Ozone:
At various water temperatures - pH can be anywhere between 6 and 8 (Source: EPA, SWTR Guidance
Manual,October, 1990)
Removal
0.5 log
1.0 log
1.5 log
2.0 log
2.5 log
3.0 log
0.5°C
33°F
0.48
0.97
1.50
1.90
2.40
2.90
5°C
41°F
0.32
0.63
0.95
1.30
1.60
1.90
10°C
50°F
0.23
0.48
0.72
0.95
1.20
1.40
15°C
59°F
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.63
0.79
0.95
20°C
68°F
0.12
0.24
0.36
0.48
0.60
0.72
25°C
77°F
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.40
0.48
CT Values for Giardia Cyst Inactivation by Free Chlorine:
Water temperature at 20˚C (68˚F) at various pH readings
Removal
0.6 log
1.0 log
1.6 log
2.0 log
2.6 log
3.0 log
<6.0
38
39
42
44
46
47
6.5
45
47
50
52
55
57
7.0
54
56
59
62
66
68
7.5
64
67
72
75
80
83
8.0
77
81
87
91
97
101
8.5
92
98
105
110
117
122
<9.0
109
117
126
132
141
146
Commercial Water

Oxidation



Best at pH over 7.
Man-made organic compounds
including pesticides, VOCs, SOCs, and
other micro pollutants - applied dosage
of 0.5 to 5.0 mg/l recommended
Tannins, unsaturated aldehydes, humic
and fulvic acids, etc. responsible for
90% of taste and odor problems applied dosage of 1.5 mg/l
recommended
Commercial Water Treatment

Pre-oxidation: Iron





Divalent ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidizes to
trivalent ferric iron (Fe3+), which
precipitates as ferric hydroxide.
Rapid reaction.
Best at pH over 7, preferably over 7.5.
Theoretical applied ozone dosage to
oxidize 1 mg/l of iron is 0.43 mg/l
If complexed with organics, recommend
doubling the applied ozone dosage and
increasing contact time.
Commercial Water Treatment

Pre-oxidation: Sulfide





Hydrogen sulfide ion is oxidized to
soluble sulfate ion and in-soluble
elemental sulfur.
Rapid reaction.
Independent of pH.
Theoretical applied ozone dosage to
oxidize 1 mg/l of sulfide ion is 1.5 mg/l
If complexed with organics, recommend
doubling the applied ozone dosage and
increasing contact time.
Commercial Water Treatment

Pre-oxidation: Manganese




Divalent manganese (Mn2+) oxidizes to
tetravalent manganese (Mn4+),
hydrolyzing to insoluble managanese
oxyhydroxide.
Optimum between pH range of 7.5 8.5.
Theoretical applied ozone dosage to
oxidize 1 mg/l of manganese is 0.88
mg/l.
Over oxidation will produce soluble
permanganate ion indicated by pink
water.
Commercial Water Treatment

Sizing an ozone system








Based upon the amount of ozone required to
completely react with the contaminants being
treated in the water.
Disinfection: spores and cysts - sizing based
on CT values
Disinfection: bacteria and viruses - 1.5 mg/l
applied ozone dosage
Oxidation: VOCs and SOCs - 0.5 to 5.0 mg/l
applied dosage
Oxidation: tannins - 1.5 mg/l applied dosage
Pre-oxidation: iron - 0.43 mg/l applied dosage
Pre-oxidation: sulfide - 1.5 mg/l applied
dosage
Pre-oxidation: manganese - 0.88 mg/l applied
dosage
Commercial Water Treatment

Sizing an ozone system




Ozone systems are sized based on the
principle of exact demand. To correctly
size an ozone system, each
contaminant and contaminant level
must be accounted for.
An accurate total ozone demand is
important for sizing an ozone system.
Ozone production is measured in
grams per hour.
The total ozone demand and water
flow rate is needed to calculate for
required ozone production.
Commercial Water Treatment

Sizing an ozone system



Ozone demand for each
contaminant is calculated by
multiplying the contaminant level by
the applied dosage appropriate for
that contaminant.
By adding up the ozone demand for
each contaminant, the total ozone
demand can be found.
A safety factor of 25% should be
added to the total ozone demand.
Commercial Water Treatment

Sizing an ozone system

With the total ozone demand and water
flow rate, the following equation is used to
calculate for required ozone production:
total ozone dosage X flow rate X
0.012 X 19 =
grams per hour required ozone
production

Where 0.012 is the constant for
conversion from gallons per minute to
pounds per day, while 19 is the number of
grams per hour in a pound per day.
ATTENTION:
MG/L Contaminant
Level (From
Water Analysis)
Contaminants
Ozone Dosage Required per
MG/L of Contaminant
Iron (FE2+)
Manganese (Mn 2+)
Sulfide (S 2-)
0.43 mg/l
0.88 mg/l
2.20 mg/l
X
X
X
4 mg/l
0.7 mg/l
1.3 mg/l
=
=
=
1.72 mg/l
0.616 mg/l
2.86 mg/l
Tanins
1.50 mg/l
X
mg/l
=
0 mg/l
Cyanide
Phenol
3.00 mg/l
2.00 mg/l
X
X
mg/l
mg/l
=
=
0 mg/l
0 mg/l
TOC
BOD
COD
4.00 mg/l
2.00 mg/l
2.00 mg/l
X
X
X
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
=
=
=
0 mg/l
0 mg/l
0 mg/l
Ozone Dosage Required
=
5.196 mg/l
Safety Factor
X
Total Ozone Dosage Required
=
Designed Max Flow Rate =
Total Ozone Required Based on Flow Rate =
Water Temperature =
pH =
Note # 1:
Note # 2:
Note # 3:
Ozone Dosage
Required
1.25
6.495 mg/l
50 GPM
74.043 Grams/Hour = Dosage Required X Flow Rate (GPM) X 0.012 X 19
60 Degrees Farenheit (see note # 2)
7.1 (see note # 3)
0.012 is the constant for conversion from gallons per minute to pounds per day, while 19 is the number of grams per hour in a
pound per day.
Add 25% for every 10 degrees above 60 degrees Farenheit for temperature compensation. Mass transfer efficiency degrades
as water temperature rises.
These are guidelines only! Other factors such as pH, temperature, ORP, organic load, and other water impurities will affect
ozone consumption.
Typical Commercial Ozone System
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations



Recommend single pass ozone
injection systems for all commercial
water treatment applications - larger
systems will use sidetream injection
Sizing of sidestream pump is critical oversize and take into consideration the
presssure drop across the injector
Minimum +5 psi required in the
sidestream after injection and
contacting to re-enter the main stream
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations: contact
vessels





Contact vessels are an integral part of
any ozone system.
Allows time for chemical reaction to
occur.
Allows time for disinfection to occur.
Allows for ozone dissolution.
Allows for off-gassing of any carrier gas
and ozone not dissolved into water
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations for preoxidation and oxidation systems




Importance of an accurate lab analysis.
Recommend minimum 5 minutes
contact time for pre-oxidation systems.
Recommend 5 - 10 minutes contact
time for oxidation systems.
Pre-filtration may be required.
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations for preoxidation and oxidation systems


Ozone is not a stand alone water
treatment tool, post filtration is required.
Recommend activated carbon or multimedia filtration for pre-oxidation
systems. Activated carbon filtration for
oxidation systems.
Residual sanitizer must be added for
storage and delivery.
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations for
disinfection:



Ozone is not a stand alone water
treatment tool, pre and post filtration is
required. Recommend multi-stage
filtration levels down to 5 micron for prefiltration and activated carbon for post
filtration.
Always exceed EPA recommended C.T.
values.
When meeting C.T. values, use lower
ozone concentrations and higher
contact times.
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations for
disinfection:



When calculating for contact time,
follow EPA guidelines for time credit plug flow
If oxidation or pre-oxidation is required
in conjunction with disinfection, two
complete ozone systems with two
injection points and contact/de-gas
systems is recommended.
Residual sanitizer must be added for
storage and delivery.
Commercial Water Treatment

Design considerations for
disinfection:



Carcinogenic disinfection by-products
may form when ozone is used in the
presence of bromide ions - bromate and
bromoform ions
Difficult to treat after ozonation - some
forms of activated carbon may have
effective adsorption or chemical
reduction capacities
Low levels of ozone applied over long
periods will minimize the formation of
bromate ions.
Residential Well Water Treatment
Residential Wells



Ozone is typically used when
more than one contaminant is
present.
Typically used for pre-oxidation
and oxidation.
Maybe used for disinfection of
bacteria and viruses that may be
found in wells with surface water
intrusion.
Typical Residential Well Water
Treatment System
Typical Single Pass Ozone System
Ozone
Generator
Off-gas
Destruct
Off-gas
Vent
Vacuum
Break
Pressure
Tank
120V Signal from
Pressure Switch
OZD
Pressure
Switch
Well Pump
Water from
Well Pump
Injection Manifold &
Check Valve Assembly
Contact Tank
Well Pump Controlled by Pressure Switch
Multi-Media,
Activated Carbon or
Catalytic Carbon
Filter Tank
Alpha Series
Complete integrated component
ozone systems - single pass treatment.
Ozone
Generator
Off-gas
Destruct
Off-gas
Vent
Vacuum
Break
Pressure
Tank
120V Signal from
Pressure Switch
OZD
Pressure
Switch
Well Pump
Water from
Well Pump
Injection Manifold &
Check Valve Assembly
Contact Tank
Well Pump Controlled by Pressure Switch
Multi-Media,
Activated Carbon or
Catalytic Carbon
Filter Tank
Complete integrated skid
mounted ozone systems recirculated multi-pass treatment.
POE Series
Pressure
Tank
Water
Source
(Well)
Pressure
Switch
Filter
(optional)
To Use
CWT Problem Water Ozone Demand Sizing Guideline
Alpha Series
Contaminants
PPM Contaminant Level
(from water analysis)
Ozone Dosage
Required
Ozone Dosage Required
per PPM of Contaminant
Iron (FE 2+)
PPM
X
0.43 PPM =
PPM
Manganese
(Mn 2+)
PPM
X
0.88 PPM =
PPM
Sulfide (S 2-)
PPM
X
2.20 PPM =
PPM
Tannins
PPM
X
1.50 PPM =
PPM
Ozone Dosage Required
=
PPM
Safety Factor For Unknown Demand
X
Total Ozone Dosage Required
=
1.25
PPM
Recommended CWT Ozone Treatment Systems (based on dosage and flow rate):
Alpha !
Dosage Rate
Flow Rate
1.0 - 2.0 PPM
10 GPM max
Alpha II
1.0 - 5.0 PPM
10 GPM max
Alpha III
1.0 - 8.0 PPM
10 GPM max
CWT Problem Water Ozone Demand Sizing Guideline
POE Series
Contaminants
PPM Contaminant Level
(from water analysis)
Ozone Dosage
Required
Ozone Dosage Required
per PPM of Contaminant
Iron (FE 2+)
PPM
X
0.43 PPM =
PPM
Manganese
(Mn 2+)
PPM
X
0.88 PPM =
PPM
Sulfide (S 2-)
PPM
X
2.20 PPM =
PPM
Tannins
PPM
X
1.50 PPM =
PPM
Ozone Dosage Required
=
PPM
Safety Factor For Unknown Demand
X
Total Ozone Dosage Required
=
1.25
PPM
Recommended CWT Ozone Treatment Systems (based on dosage and flow rate):
Dosage Rate
Flow Rate
POE10
POE15
POE20
1.0 - 10.0 PPM
10 GPM max
1.0 - 12.0 PPM
15 GPM max
1.0 - 15.0 PPM
15 GPM max

ALPHA and POE series sizing notes
Residential Wells

Sizing based on dosage, residential applications only

Maximum 10 gpm flow rate for ALPHA series and 15 gpm maximum flow rate for
POE series

Oxygen as an oxidizer

Long contact times

Assisted by media filtration
Residual build-up through recirculation for POE systems
Guidelines only - additional factors such as pH, temp, ORP, organic load, and
other water impurities will affect ozone consumption



Design considerations for residential well treatment
systems
Residential Wells




Importance of an accurate water analysis
Draw down test required to get exact flow rate.
Add 1.5 mg/l applied ozone dosage for disinfection of bacteria and
viruses.
Ozone is not a stand alone water treatment tool, post filtration is
required. Recommend activated carbon or multi-media filtration for preoxidation systems. Activated carbon filtration for oxidation systems.
Water Bottling
Water Bottling

Thee types of water bottling
systems



Batch processing
Pressurized recirculation systems
Single pass system
Ozone Product Residual Calculations
(ozone residual X gpm / 120,000) / (% active / 100%) = ozone
needed in lbs / minute
X 1.25 = 25% compensation for unknown demand
X 1.25 = 25% compensation for every 10 degrees over 60 degrees F
X 27,360 = conversion from lbs per minute to grams per hour
ozone residual = desired residual, for bottling IBWA recommends
0.2 – 0.4 ppm
gpm = gallons per minute
1 lb of ozone will produce a 1 ppm ozone residual for every 120,000
gallons of water in ideal theoretical conditions, assuming 100% mass
transfer. 100% mass transfer requires water temperatures barely
above freezing, ideal pressurization, significant contact time, high
concentrations of ozone, etc. In the real world, 100% mass transfer
does not occur. We assume at best between 65% to 75% active.
Ozone Product Residual Calculations
Example:
 Project: water bottling plant
 Treatment goal: attain 0.4 ppm product residual - IBWA
recommends ozone residual of 0.2 - 0.4 ppm
 Source water: unknown, ready for bottling
 Additional treatment: reverse osmosis, multi-stage filtration
 Water temp: 70 degrees F
 Flow rate: 10 gpm
 Single pass system for bottling
(0.4 ppm X 10 gpm / 120,000) / (75% / 100%) = 0.000044 lbs per minute
0.000044 X 1.25 X 1.25 X 27,360 = 2.28 grams per hour
Recommend using ClearWater Tech, LLC model M15/AD ozone
generator producing 2.8 grams per hour with built-in air dryer with a
minimum of 5 minutes contact time.
Water Stores
Water Stores




Ozone is used to maintain water
quality in post reverse osmosis
storage tanks.
Inhibit growth of infectants
Oxidation and disinfection of
airborne pathogens
Algae growth maintenance
Sample Ozone Systems for R.O. Storage Tanks
300 Gallon Storage Tank:
S1200 ozone generator - 0.25 grams per hour, UV technology
PRO10 circulation pump - 1/15 hp, magnetic drive, timer enclosure, Mazzei 684 venturi
CKAU10 - check valve assembly sealed ozone generator
S1200 sealed ozone generator - 0.25 grams per hour, UV technology
OAS20 air compressor - 1/20 hp, piston drive, timer enclosure
DIF12 diffusion stone
600 Gallon Storage Tank
CS1400 ozone generator - 0.50 grams per hour, UV technology
PRO10 circulation pump - 1/15 hp, magnetic drive, timer enclosure, Mazzei 684 venturi
CKAU10 - check valve assembly sealed ozone generator
CS1400 sealed ozone generator - 0.50 grams per hour, UV technology
OAS20 air compressor - 1/20 hp, piston drive, timer enclosure
DIF12 diffusion stone
Sample Ozone Systems for R.O. Storage Tanks
900 Gallon Storage Tank:
UV2800 ozone generator - 1.0 grams per hour, UV technology
PRO10 circulation pump - 1/15 hp, magnetic drive, timer enclosure, Mazzei 684 venturi
CKAU10 - check valve assembly sealed ozone generator
UV2800 sealed ozone generator - 1.0 grams per hour, UV technology
OAS20 air compressor - 1/20 hp, piston drive, timer enclosure
DIF20 diffusion ring
1200 Gallon Storage Tank
CD10/AD ozone generator - 1.25 grams per hour, CD technology, variable output,
built-in air dryer
PRO10 circulation pump - 1/15 hp, magnetic drive, timer enclosure, Mazzei 684 venturi
CKAC10 - check valve assembly sealed ozone generator
GAG400 - air flow gauge
Miscellaneous Ramblings
Miscellaneous Ramblings
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Factors that affect system
performance
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Water temperature fluctuations
Changes in water contaminant
parameters
Changes in flow rate
Atmospheric conditions
Miscellaneous Ramblings
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Off-gas destruction
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Off-gas monitors
Importance of monitoring for
water quality using ORP or
residual ozone monitors
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Automation capabilities
Miscellaneous Ramblings
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Importance of air prep
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The air we breath is composed of 78%
nitrogen gas, 21% oxygen gas, and 1%
other gases.
When air is fed into the ozone reaction
chamber, the oxygen and nitrogen
molecules are split into atoms.
The air we breath is humid (H2O is
present).
In a highly charged corona field, all
molecules are split into atoms.
Miscellaneous Ramblings

Importance of air prep
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The oxygen atoms combine into ozone
molecules.
The nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms combine to form nitric acid.
Nitric acid will destroy the reaction
chamber from the inside out.
Nitric acid will be introduced into the
water.
Miscellaneous Ramblings

Importance of air prep: air
dryers
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Air is dried to -60 degrees F dewpoint
using a molecular sieve material, most
commonly silica gel.
Nitrogen and oxygen atoms are still
present but with the removal of
moisture, the hydrogen atom is not
introduced into the corona field.
Ozone concentration: 1% by weight
Miscellaneous Ramblings

Importance of air prep: oxygen
concentrators
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High volumes of compressed air is
pushed through a molecular sieve
which removes nitrogen and water.
Oxygen concentrations up to 95% are
attainable.
Minimum -100 degrees F dewpoint.
Ozone outputs are tripled. Ozone
concentration: minimum 3% by weight.
Thank You