AP Biology 2013
 Also
called phosphorylation
 ATP hydrolysis is when an inorganic
phosphate breaks off ATP
 Forms ADP
 Requires water
 Does take a small amount of energy to
take the P off, but more energy is
transferred as hydrogen and oxygen
atoms from water bind to ADP and P
releasing free energy!
 Oxidation
because
AH lost a hydrogen
 Reduction because
NAD+ gained a
hydrogen
 Oxidation because
NADH lost a
hydrogen
 Reduction because B
gained a hydrogen
 Most
reduced is
Propane
 Lowest free energy is
Propanoic acid
 Most oxidized state is
propanoic acid
 Highest free energy
is propane
Facilitates movement of
protons across cell
membrane
 Creates concentration
gradient along inner
membrane due to high
concentration of
protons outside matrix
 Does not create energy,
it sets up a bank of
stored potential energy

Couples movement of
protons back down the
conc. Gradient and
binding ADP and PO4
forming ATP
 Occurs in the inner
mitochondrial
membrane

6
molecules of ATP must be hydrolyzed to
start the process
 30 molecules of NADH are produced
 6 molecules of FADH2 are produced
 18 molecules of ATP are produced via
substrate phosphorylation (12 in glycolysis
and 6 in Krebs)
 18 molecules of water are produced in ETS
 18 molecules of CO2 are released from the
process
 Alcoholic
fermentation produced smaller
carbon compounds compared to lactic
acid fermentation
 Pyruvate converts to acetaldehyde and
then is reduced to ethanol.
 It uses enzymes at both steps
 Two molecules of CO2 and 2 ATP are
produced in this anaerobic pathway
Lipids
 Broken down into
glycerol and fatty acids
 Glycerol is then
converted to an
intermediate in
glycolysis; Fatty Acids
are converted to acetyl
CoA which then enters
the Kreb’s cycle

Proteins
 Broken down into
amino acids
 Amino group is
removed and then fed
into glycolysis/Kreb’s
cycle at different
points. (depends on
the amino acid)
 EX. Glutamate is
converted to alphaketo glutarate

 Absorbs
light at 680
nm
 Passes electrons to
the ETS
 Produces ATP
 Oxidizes water into
oxygen, hydrogen
and electrons
 Absorbs
light at 700
nm
 Passes electrons to
NADP+
 make NADPH
 Carbon
Fixation
 Adds the 1 carbon
CO2 to RuBP
 Produces a 6C
molecule that
immediately splits
into 2 PGA
 Slow rubisco is
needed
 Reduction
and Sugar
Production
 Phosphorylation
occurs
 ATP and NADPH are
needed
 Product is G3P
 Regeneration
of RuBP
 Most of G3P ends up as RuMP, so ATP is
used to convert this to RuBP
 50%
of protein in leaves of plants is
composed of Rubisco
 Enzyme responsible for the 1st major step
in carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle
 Without rubisco, CO2 cannot be
converted to glucose
 It catalyzes the reaction of CO2 and RuBP
to form 3PG, which is necessary for next
step
 Nathan
is correct.
 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
rely upon one another, with the
molecules necessary for one reaction
coming from the end products of the
opposite reaction.
 Plant life could not exist without both
photosynthesis and cellular respiration