Compiled by Mrs J Wright, Durban Girls’ High School,2006 Slide 1 The Problem – an Ulcer! Definition : ulcer n. an open sore on an external or internal surface Ulcers – found in the stomach lining, and though to be caused by stressful living. Slide 2 Slide 3 Using an endoscope to view an ulcer and a tissue sample then taken to be analysed View of an ulcer in the stomach Slide 4 Dr Robin Warren - pathologist The curious observation made by Dr Robin Warren in the samples given to him to analyse. These observations were investigated by Dr Marshall. Slide 5 In the laboratory. Team work to produce a culture of H. pylori! Slide 6 Dr Barry Marshall – 1981, Australia Slide 7 Culture of Helicobacter pylori A sample was taken and viewed under the Electron Microscope After months of trials and failures, an unplanned long weekend in the incubator produced a result! Slide 8 The villian! A Helicobacter pylori B C Slide 9 Scanning E.M of H.pylori on the stomach walls. Removal of H. pylori and healing of the ulcer? Slide 10 How the ulcer is formed H. pylori causes excess production of HCl by cells of the stomach lining. The stomach is trying to kill the bacterium. The excess acid removes the mucus layer and the stomach cells are then attacked, resulting in an ulcer. Acid inhibitors such as Tagamet now usually prescribed for relief but they have to be taken continually. Slide 11 Test kits for Helicobactera pylori Slide 12 Drinking the urea solution: Blowing out into a test tube. Slide 13 H. pylori breath test – gas chromatograph reads results. Slide 14 How the test works. Ammonia identified in exhaled air. This is due to H. pylori conversion of Urea into ammonia. Slide 15 Results that provide further proof of the connection between H pylori and ulcers. H pylori removed within 2 weeks after taking antibiotics! Slide16 Communicating their findings Book: The Ease & Difficulty of a New Discovery. Author: Robin Warren Slide17 Acceptance at last! Slide 18 Slide 19 Nobel prize announced - 2005 From initial discovery in 1981 until acknowledgment by the scientific community in 2005! Slide 20 Further findings… H. pylori in the blood Spread by poverty and down through the families! Simple prevention! Now thought to be responsible for stomach cancer and heart disease. Remove H pylori and reduce the risk!