th 6 Grade Life Science!!!! What are the characteristics of a living Organism? The following are characteristics of living things. Be made of cells Produce gas exchange Need food Respond to environment Adapt to environment Eliminate waste Reproduce Grow What are cells? Cells are the building blocks of life. EVERY LIVING THING IS MADE OF AT LEAST ONE CELL. Types of Cells Plant Cells - multicellular Animal Cells - multicellular Monera (bacteria) – single celled Fungi (mushrooms) - multicellular Protist (parmecium) – single celled Multi-cellular vs. Single Celled Multi-cellular Living things that are made of more than one cell Examples: People, flowers, trees, animals, fungus ( Single Celled Living things that are only one cell Examples: paramecium, all types of bacteria What makes up an Animal Cell Nucleus – The brain, controls all activity Mitochondria - Produces Energy, breaks down sugar Cell Membrane – The outer most layer Cytoplasm – Watery substance protects the parts Endoplasmic Reticulum – Carries things through the cell Golgi Body – Packages and exports protein What do Cells have to do with us? Here is the order in which we are made of cells Cells Tissue – Muscle tissue Organs – heart, brain, stomach, liver, etc... Organ Systems – nervous, digestive, etc… Organism – Us! Other Types of Cells Plant Cell Cell Wall – Outside layer, gives it structure so the plant can grow tall Cell Membrane – provides protection Nucleus – Controls everything Chloroplast – Makes energy from the Sun and give plants their green color What do they have in common How do cells and organisms reproduce? Cells – reproduce through asexual reproduction When cells reproduce they are exactly the same as the original cell When the nucleus splits into 2 identical new nuclei it is called mitosis Is this important YES, if they were not identical they would not do have the same function Asexual Reproduction Advantages: It is a faster process It only requires 1 parent cell The offspring perform the same function Disadvantages: Do not adapt well If there is a genetic defect in the cell it will still continue to reproduce Sexual Reproduction Advantages A stronger offspring is produced that adapts Disadvantages It is a slower process It takes two parent cells Organisms Most living organisms reproduce through sexual reproduction This is when the female egg cell is fertilized by the male sperm cell. In this type of reproduction the offspring is not identical to the parents. They get traits from both parents What are traits Inherited Traits – Characteristics passed down from your parents that you can’t control. Can you give examples of inherited traits Examples Rolling your tongue Eye color Hair color Attached ear lobes/detached ear lobes Where is all this information stored? Your DNA DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid This is the blueprint that make up all your inherited traits. The odds of someone have the same DNA as you are more than 1 : 1,000,000,000 Learned Traits Things that you can develop over time, but they are not passed down from your parents. Examples: typing on a computer, batting in baseball/softball, how fast you read, foul shots ?’s Rocks and Minerals What are minerals? Minerals are… Naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a chemical composition Can you give me example of minerals? Examples Sulfur Graphite Talc Calcite Quartz Diamonds Gold Pyrite There are over 3,000 known minerals. What do we do to determine the type of mineral? Test them! Color – yellow, white, clear, black, etc… Luster – metallic/nonmetallic Hardness – Moh’s scale 1 - 10 Streak – the color of the powder when rubbed an a surface. Others – is it magnetic, taste, and smell How are rocks formed and where do they come from? They come from 2 things Minerals Other rocks -They are formed through something called the Rock Cycle. - What are the different types of rocks? Igneous Igneous Rocks – They are formed from magma when it cools and hardens. Example: Granite Types are: Intrusive – cool slowely and harden under the surface Extrusive – cool quickly and harden above the Earth’s surface. Sedimentary Sedimentary – they are formed from other pieces of rocks called sediments. They are compacted and cemented together. Example: limestone, sandstone, shale Metamorphic Metamorphic – They form from heat and pressure being applied to existing rocks. The heat and pressure is so great it changes the composition. Example: Marble – comes from limestone Slate – comes from shale Physical Vs. Chemical Change Physical changes – The chemical makeup doesn’t change. It is still the same thing. It changes it’s state of matter. Examples: Ice melting, tearing a piece of paper Chemical Changes – Changes its chemical makeup or what it actually is. Examples: baking a cake, combining baking soda and vinegar.