Domains, Kingdoms,
and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 billion years ago
(prokaryotes came first)
• 1.5 million species have been
named by classification system
called taxonomy (to name and
group organisms in a logical
manner)
Taxonomy
• Discipline where
scientists classify
organisms and
assign them a
scientific name
Domains
3 largest
classification
groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
THREE Domains
…Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotic (no true nucleus)
(true bacteria) (extreme
bacteria)
Eukarya
(true nucleus)
(protists
fungi
plants
animals)
TAXONS
• Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdom (6)
•
Phylum
•
Class
•
Order
•
Family
•
Genus
•
Species
TAXONS: levels of taxonomy
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Great
Spain
memorize
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
This is the one
organism you
need to
memorize.
Ever hear of E. coli?
• It is the
abbreviated
form of the
scientific
name of
Escherichia
coli
T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex
• Often lazy
scientists just
abbreviate the
Genus with just a
letter.
binomial nomenclature
• is the two part name of
organisms.
two terms: the genus
name and the species
• Example:
Common name = sugar pine
Scientific name = Pinus lambertiana
• ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosa
lodgepole pine: Pinus contorta
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named
after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his
narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the
Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Escherichia coli or
Escherichia coli
• Genus first letter is
CAPITALIZED (written
first)
• Species is
lower case
• Written in Latin
• Italicized OR underlined
How do you write scientific name
for humans?
• Homo sapiens
• OR
• Homo sapiens
Carolus Linnaeus: devised the
binomial nomenclature system
• Studied medicine
• Disappointed
parents that he
did not enter
priesthood
• Studied plants to
make medicines
1707-1778
Our Hero
Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden
Classification Chart
of Primates
Where do the name come from?
• Often they are Latin words, but they may
also come from Ancient Greek, from a
place, from a person (preferably a
naturalist), a name from a local language,
etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with
specific descriptors from a variety of
sources, including inside-jokes and puns.
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named
after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his
narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the
Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Dichotomous Key
• An identification key, also
known as a dichotomous
key, is a method of deducing
the correct species
assignment of a living thing.
Two Ways to Make the Key
• "Dichotomous" means
"divided into two parts".
Therefore, dichotomous
keys always give two
choices in each step.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny
2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel.
3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime
4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill
5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill
EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key
(click Here)
All Tree Leaves
•
Needles
Broadleaf
Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small
(numbers are better)
Can use tree
guides.
Tips
• Better if the choice a positive one something "is" instead of "is not".
• If possible, start both choices of a pair with
the same word.
• 1. a. leaves with lobes
•
b. leaves single (no lobes)
Some common terms
•
lobed and one entire
•
»
serrated
Some examples
• Round, serrated
Base not even
• Teeth wide, sunken veins
Examples
• Four pointed lobes
• Deep lobes
almost to rib
Leaflets across
Some even have more than one
shape on the same tree
Get Handout: Good Tips
• Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves
• One key/lab table
• Use 4 feet of white paper
• Use measurements (5 cm) rather than
terms like "large" and "small".
• Use terms others would understand.
• Always make two choices.
• Leaves will be taped at the end of the
division.
Comparing Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
• PROKARYOTIC
• No true nucleus
(called a nucleoid)
• smaller
• EUKARYOTIC
• True nucleus with
a membrane
• larger
• Comparing
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
Two Domains are Prokaryotic
• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus
(called a nucleoid instead)
• INCLUDES:
1. Eubacteria –true bacteria
2. Archaea – extreme bacteria
(sometimes “archaebacteria”)
• Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria)
(2:33)
Kingdom: Archaea
or Archaebacteria)
• Prokaryotic –no true nucleus
• Cell walls with no
peptidoglycan (see next slide)
• Unicellular – one celled
• Live in most extreme
environments
FYI: Discovered
• Discovering Archaea (3:24)
1977
What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked complex of
polysaccharides (sugars) and
peptides (proteins) found in the
cell walls of bacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic
environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean
bottom)
Archaea Examples
• Thermus
aquaticus
(Extremophiles
Youtube)
Found in hot
springs
Archaea Examples
A-thermophile
B-halophile
C-halophile
D-carbonatphile
E-halophile
F-calcium
carbonatphile
-What are
extremophiles? (54 secs)
-Extremophiles (1:25)
-Bozeman Biology:
Archaea (7:16)
Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true
bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no true
nucleus (just a nucleoid)
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and
metabolism
Eubacteria (Common)
• Staphylococcus
• Anthracis bacillus
• Escherichia coli
• Streptococcus
Eubacteria Examples
• Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
• Staphylococcus
aureus(skin)
Domain: Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUS
(membrane around the
Genetic material)
Includes 4 Kingdoms:
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants
Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO
have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular
• Varied cell walls
• (Plant-like, animallike, fungus –like)
PROTISTA
• Plant-like protists
(have chlorophyll)
• Animal-like protists
(Move)
Fungus-like protists
(slime molds move like
amoeba,
decomposer)
Protista Examples
Protist Youtube
Euglena
• Paramecium
Stentor
Volvox
(colonial)
Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of
chitin –
stiffener
• Can be
multicellular or
unicellular
Fungi
• Yeast
(unicellular
fungi)
• Can you see
the budding?
More Fungi
• Bracket Fungus
Toenail Fungus
Bread
mold
More Fungi
• Penicillium
Black Mold
Hot dog
mold
Kingdom: Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Multicellular –more than
one cell
• Autotrophic –
photosynthetic – make their
own food
What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Examples:
Kingdom: Animalia
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic –need to get
food from other sources
(plants and animals)
Animalia
What kingdom are you?