NUTRITION
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Bryan James Cowley MA
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SAN JOSE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARD, BENCHMARKS, AND KNOWLEDGE SKILLS
S2 THE STUDENT UNDERSTANDS AND APPLIES THE CONCEPTS OF LIFE SCIENCE
S2(9-10)B11
Understands the scientific basis for maintaining optimal
human health as well as current sociological hazards
S2(9-10)B11.1
Understands general causes for disease (e.g., genetic, birth
defects, infectious agents, chemical, poor nutrition).
S2(9-10)B11.2
Understands the role of various agents (e.g., bacteria, virus,
protozoans) in infectious diseases, effective means of treatment (e.g.,
antibiotics, radiation) and prevention (e.g., avoiding contact,
vaccination).
S2(9-10)B11.3
Understands cause, prevention and effects of HIV/AIDS.
S2(9-10)B11.4
Understands human mechanisms for combating disease
(e.g., skin, tears, immune system, production of antibodies, white blood
cells, lymphocytes, inflammation, allergic reactions).
S2(9-10)B11.5
Understands the how drugs, alcohol and tobacco affect
the human body (e.g, depressants, addiction, birth defects).
S2(9-10)B11.6
Understands the role of nutrition, rest and exercise in
maintaining optimum human health.
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TEENAGE OBESITY
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How Many Children in the United States Are Obese?
 About one quarter of American children are
obese (body weight in excess of 20% of norm)
 Prevalence of obesity has risen overall in America
 Most overweight children become overweight
adults
 Children need to eat breakfast before school
 Parents need to be involved in the treatment of
juvenile obesity
 Overweight children and adolescents
 Often are rejected by peers
 Perform poorly in sports
 Tend to like their bodies less than children of normal
weight
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The Causes of Obesity
 Heredity
 Identical twins raised apart
 Number of fat cells (adipose tissue)
 Hunger drive is connected to number of fat cells
More fat cells – feel hunger sooner
 Environmental factors
 Obese parents may model poor dietary and exercise habits
 Sedentary habits
TV watching
 encourages snacking,
 exposes children to commercials for food and
 is low physical activity
 Stressors and emotional reactions
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Are Children in the United States Physically Fit?
 Most children in the United States are not physically fit
Two thirds fail to meet presidential standards
 Reasons for decline in fitness?
Sedentary leisure activities (e.g., TV, computer
games)
Participation in sports declines after age 10
 Fit children usually have parents who exercise and
encourage them to exercise
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Helping Children
Lose Weight
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Helping Children Lose Weight
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Do not insist the entire family eat at the same time
Substitute low calorie foods
Do not push child to finish the plate
Have low calorie snacks available
Do not cook, eat or display fattening foods
Involve child in more activities
Do not take child food shopping
Do not snack in front of T.V.
Positive reinforcement
Practice what you preach
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Health in Adolescence
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Physical Fitness
 Most adolescents in U.S. rarely get enough exercise
 Some get exercise through organized sports (football most popular
with boys and basketball most popular with girls)
 Sports participation can enhance self-esteem, teach initiative &
teamwork
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Nutritional Needs of Adolescents
 Many U.S. teens eat fast-food diets that are high
in fat and sodium and lack calcium and iron
 Rapid growth
 Average girl – 2,200 calories
 Average boy – 3,000 calories
 Need for calcium – bone growth
 Nutritional deficits
 Irregular eating habits
 Fast food or junk food
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EATING DISORDERS
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Eating Disorders
 Extreme disturbances in eating patterns
 Anorexia and bulimia: both primarily affect
adolescent girls and are influenced by experience
(cultural standards for appropriate body weight),
family dynamics, and heredity
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Eating Disorders
 Anorexia Nervosa
Characterized by fear of being
overweight
Distorted body image and refusal to
eat
4 to 5% mortality rate
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Eating Disorders
 Bulimia
Characterized by recurrent cycles of
binge eating and purging
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Origins of Eating Disorders
 Psychoanalytic perspective
Anorexia is an effort to remain
prepubescent
 Family control issues
 Child abuse, sexual abuse are risk factors
 Social-cognitive perspective
Personal perfectibility (an unreachable
goal)
 Genetic factors
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Treatment and Prevention of Eating Disorders
 Antidepressants
 Family therapy
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
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DIET
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A healthy diet satisfies three needs
enough kilocalories (fuel) to satisfy our
energy needs
raw materials for making the body’s own
macromolecules
essential nutrients that the body cannot
make
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Diet influences cardiovascular
disease and cancer
BEHAVIORAL
RISK FACTORS
Fatty diet
UNAVOIDABLE
RISK FACTORS
High
blood
cholesterol
High
blood
pressure
Lack of
exercise
Aging
Family history
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
Smoking
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Being male
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Body fat and fad diets
The human body tends to store excess fat
molecules instead of using them for fuel
A balanced diet includes adequate amounts
of all nutrients
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Fad diets are often ineffective & harmful
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ENERGY
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Chemical energy powers the body
Once nutrients are inside cells, they can
be oxidized by cellular respiration to
generate energy
This energy is in the form of ATP
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The energy a
resting animal
requires each day
to stay alive is its
basal metabolic
rate (BMR)
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More energy
is required
for an active
life
Excess energy is
stored as glycogen
or fat
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Six elements of nutrition
1. Vitamins
2. Minerals
3. Carbohydrates
4. Proteins (made from amino acids)
5. Fats
6. Water
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VITAMINS
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A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins
 Most of these vitamins function as coenzymes (work
together with other nutrients)
 They have no caloric or energy value
 Cannot function properly without minerals
 Two types: Fat soluble & Water soluble
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(Water-soluble vitamins)
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(Fat-soluble vitamins)
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MINERALS
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Essential minerals are required
for many body functions
Minerals are elements other than carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
They play a variety of roles in the body
Minerals are stored in bone and muscle tissue
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Minerals
The body cannot make minerals
There are two groups of minerals
Macro
Micro
Body requires large amounts of Bulk or Macro
minerals (Calcium,Magnesium,Manganese)
The body requires small amounts of micro or
trace minerals (Zinc, copper, selenium, iodine,
potassium)
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates (C6H12O6)
The body’s main source of energy
Digestion converts starches and sugars to glucose
If the body lacks sufficient Carbohydrates it will use protein
as a fuel
Excessive carbohydrates are converted to fat
To avoid this kind of fat replace high glycemic foods (soda,
sugar, white starches) with low glycemic foods (whole
grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes)
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PROTEINS
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Proteins (made from amino acids)
Proteins are found in meat, fish, dairy products and
legumes (beans)
They function to build and repair tissue
Two types of protein, complete and incomplete
Complete provides a balance of all 8 amino acids
Incomplete needs to be combined with other complete
forms to be effective
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Proteins (made from amino acids)
Amino Acids
Of the 23 known Amino Acids 8 of them are
considered essential
These 8 are derived only from food and not
manufactured within the body.
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Proteins (made from amino acids)
These 8 essential amino acids are:
Histidine (infants and children)
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
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Vegetarians must be sure to obtain
all eight essential amino acids
 The eight essential amino acids that adults require
must be obtained from food
ESSENTIAL
AMINO ACIDS
They are easily
obtained from
animal protein
Methionine
Valine
(Histidine)
Threonine
They can also be
obtained from the
proper combination
of plant foods
Phenylalanine
Corn
Leucine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Lysine
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Beans and
other
legumes
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FATS
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Fats
There are primarily two types of fat, saturated and
unsaturated
Saturated fats are produced primarily from animal
sources and have a high cholesterol
Unsaturated fats (mono or poly unsaturated) are
from vegetable sources which contain no cholesterol
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Fats (Cholesterol)
Cholesterol is used to transport fat to cells throughout
the body. Cholesterol can clog arteries with plaque
deposits over time.
There are two types of cholesterol
HDL (high density lipoprotein) and
LDL (Low density lipoprotein).
HDL helps the body to remove LDL. As a general rule
more HDL is good and less LDL is good
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WATER
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Water
One half to 4/5 the bodies weight
MOST IMPORTANT nutrient.
Body can function for a few weeks without food
but only days without water
Required for digestive process.
Removes waste
You should drink about eight 8 ounce glasses
(one 2 liter bottle) each day
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STAGES OF NUTRITION
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Six Stages of Nutrition
1. Diet
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Circulation
5. Assimilation
6. Elimination
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Diet
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Digestion
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Absorption
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Circulation
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Assimilation
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Six Stages of Nutrition
Elimination
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FOOD LABELS
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What do food labels tell us?
Food labels
provide
important
nutritional
information
about
packaged
foods
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Table 21.20
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