Honors American History Chapter 7
Segregation and Discrimination
• What other types of discrimination and
segregation did they face?
• What were Jim Crow laws?
•What was the worst outcome of discrimination?
Turn of the Century Black America
•Jim Crow Laws
•Poll Taxes
•Literacy Tests
•Segregated
Facilities
•Social
Practices
•Sharecropping
Plessy vs. Ferguson
1896
Fighting Back – Booker T.
Washington
•Worked to establish
vocational training for
African-Americans.
•Thought it was too soon for
African-Americans to expect
full political rights.
•Worked openly with the
white establishment.
•Founded Tuskegee
Institute.
Fighting Back – W.E.B. DuBois
• Demanded full political rights
for blacks immediately.
• First African-American to earn
a PhD from Harvard
• Wanted a classical education
for African-Americans
• Helped found the National
Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP)
Ida Wells Barnett
Enforcement of Jim Crow
• Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896)
• White-Controlled
Politicians and Law
Enforcement
• Ku Klux Klan
• Lynching
Who was an African-American
reformer?
1. Ida Wells
2. Booker T.
Washington
3. WEB DuBois
4. All of the above
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Other groups face discrimination
• Hispanic Americans
– What problems did they face?
• Asian Americans
– What did they face?
• Women
– What problems did they face?
What was the key date in the
women's suffrage movement?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1848
1869
1872
1920
All of the above
0%
1
2
3
4
5
What was the worst possible
outcome of discrimination?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Denial to vote
Lynchings
Lower wages
Poll Taxes
Literacy Tests
Sharecropping
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4
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Political
and
Economic
Challenges
Section
7.2
Political Scandal and Reform
• Who controlled the local government in
American cities in the late 1800’s?
Who led these groups? How did they get support?
What was the notorious of these groups in NYC?
Who is this individual?
1.
2.
3.
4.
James Garfield
Boss Tweed
US Grant
Roscoe
Conkling
5. Chester Arthur
6. Thomas Nast
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Who is this individual?
What happened to him?
The Presidency as a Symbolic Office
 Party bosses ruled.
 Presidents should
avoid offending any
factions within their
own party.
 The President just
doled out federal jobs.
Senator Roscoe Conkling
 1865  53,000 people worked for the federal govt.
 1890  166,000
“
“
“
“
“
“
Presidential Scandal
• Grant becomes President in 1869
• Cre’dit Mobilier Scandal
1880 Presidential Election: Republicans
Half Breeds
Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine
(Maine)
compromise
Sen. Roscoe Conkling
(New York)
How were
his views
different?
What
political
views did
he have?
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur (VP)
Garfield
1881: Garfield Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau:
I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is
President now!
What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?
What was he trying to
accomplish by killing Garfield?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Place a Stalwart in the Presidency
Replace Garfield
Support the “Spoils System”
Show that he is insane
All of the above.
Chester A. Arthur:
The Fox in the Chicken Coop? How did he
surprise his supporters?
The Pendleton Civil Service
Act was passed:
1. After McKinley
became President
2. By the Tammany
Hall Political
Machine
3. After President
Garfield was
assasinated
4. Immigrants
became a force in
national politics
0%
After McKi...
By the Tam...
After Pres...
Immigrants...
Pendleton Act (1883)
 Civil Service Act.
 The “Magna Carta” of
civil service reform.
 Promotion based on???
 1883  14,000 out of
117,000 federal govt.
jobs became civil
service exam positions.
 1900  100,000 out of
200,000 civil service
federal govt. jobs.
Founder of the National Grange
of the Patrons of Husbandry (1867)
The Grange Movement
 Wanted to regulate the railroad
rates. What does this lead to?
 First organized in the 1870s in the
Midwest, the south, and Texas.
 Set up cooperative associations.
 Social and educational components.
 Succeeded in lobbying for “Granger
Laws.”
 Rapidly declined by the late 1870s.
The Farmers Alliances
 Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the ashes
of the Grange.)
 Wanted more paper money in circulation.
Why??
 More political and less social than the
Grange.
 Ran candidates for office.
 Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 47
representatives in Congress during the
1890s.
Farmers Alliance forms
political party
 1873 Congress puts US dollar on gold
standard
 Reduces the amount of money in
circulation
 Impact on farmers??
 What do farmers want? Why?
What did the Populist Party want?
1. Government
ownership of the
railroads
2. Bank regulation
3. Graduated income
tax
4. Free coinage of
silver
5. All of the above
0%
Government owners...
Graduated income ...
All of the above
Bank regulation
Free coinage of s...
The Populist (Peoples’) Party
 Founded by James B. Weaver
and Tom Watson.
 Omaha, NE Convention in July,
1892.
 Got almost 1 million popular
votes.
 Several Congressional seats
won.
 What did they want?
James B. Weaver,
Presidential Candidate
&
James G. Field, VP
Populist Farmers wanted more
money in circulation in order to:
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De
cr
ea
se
1. Decrease the
value of their
debts
2. Strengthen the
Republican Party
3. Slow down foreign
immigration
4. Strengthen the
Gold Standard
1892 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland
again! * (DEM)
Benjamin Harrison
(REP)
1892 Presidential Election
Cleveland Loses Support Fast!
 The only President to serve two nonconsecutive terms.
 Blamed for the 1893 Panic.
 Defended the gold standard.
 Used federal troops in the 1894
Pullman strike.
 Refused to sign the Wilson-Gorman
Tariff of 1894.
 Repealed the Sherman Silver
Purchase Act. (Why was this a
problem?)
Causes of the 1893 Panic
 Begun 10 days after Cleveland took office.
1. Several major corps. went bankrupt.(RR)
 Over 16,000 businesses disappeared.
 Triggered a stock market crash.
 Over-extended investments.
2. Bank failures followed causing a contraction
of credit [nearly 500 banks closed].
3. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.
 Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt.
continued its laissez faire policies!!
 Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Bi-Metallism Issue
th
19
Century Monetary Fight
• East Coast Bankers
(Rich)
– Creditors (They have
provided loans to
farmers for land, seed,
machinery, etc.)
– Back the Gold
Standard
– Want the amount of
currency in U.S. to
stay fixed or low
growth.
• Plains Farmers (Poor)
– Debtors (They have
taken out loans that
they must pay back)
– Back the Free
Coinage of Silver
– Want the amount of
currency in the U.S. to
expand
William Jennings Bryan
(1860-1925)
The “Great Commoner”
William Jennings Bryan
 Revivalist style of oratory.
Prairie avenger,
mountain lion,
Bryan, Bryan, Bryan,
Bryan,
Gigantic troubadour,
speaking like a siege
gun,
Smashing Plymouth Rock
with his boulders
from the West.
Bryan’s
“Cross of Gold” Speech
You shall not
press down upon
the brow of labor
this crown of
thorns; you shall
not crucify
mankind upon a
cross of gold!
William McKinley (1843-1901)
1896 Election Results
Why Did Bryan Lose?
 His focus on ______ undermined
efforts to build bridges to urban
voters.
 He did not form alliances with
other groups. Business leaders
feared him, gave money to
_______.
 __________’s campaign was well-
organized and highly funded.
What Populist Party reform survived to be
accepted by the major parties?
1. Graduated income
tax
2. Regulation of the
railroads
3. More flexible
monetary system
4. All of the above
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Graduated ...
Regulation...
More flexi...
All of the...
Gold Triumphs Over Silver
 1900  Gold
Standard Act
 confirmed the
nation’s
commitment to
the gold standard.
 A victory for the
forces of
conservatism.
 Good or bad for
farmers??
The Wizard
of Oz
by L. Frank
Baum
1964: Henry Littlefield’s
“Thesis”?
“Parable of the Populists”?

Tornado  ?

Silver Slippers  ?

Dorothy  ?

Emerald City  ?

Toto  ?

Oz  ?

Kansas  ?

The Wizard  ?

Wicked Witch of the
East  ?

Munchkins  ?

Wicked Witch of the
West  ?

Tin Woodsman  ?

Scarecrow  ?

Flying Monkeys  ?

Cowardly Lion  ?

Yellow Winkies  ?

Yellow Brick Road  ?