Human Reproduction
Mrs. DeLillo
Living Environment
3/17 Aim: How are males adapted
for reproduction?
 Do
now: How many sperm are
produced during meiosis? How do
they compare to the parent cell in
terms of chromosome # and
appearance?
 HW: Diagram handout
 Test signed
Reproduction
 The formation of new individuals.
 Not necessary for the survival of the
individual
 Necessary for the survival of the
species.
3/10 How is the male adapted to
carry out reproduction?
 Do
now: How many sperm cells are
produced during spermatogenesis?
How do they compare in terms of look
and # of chromosomes to the parent
cell?
 HW: Handout
 Gametes:
specialized sex cells
 Fusion of sperm and egg forms a
zygote.
 Zygote = single cell
from which all cells
of the human body
develop.
Development
 1st six weeks=male and female embryos
are identical in appearance.
 During 7th week the primary
reproductive organs begin to develop
 Testes = male produce testosterone
 Ovaries = female produce estrogen
and progesterone
Testosterone
 Responsible for the
production of sperm.
 Responsible for
producing male
secondary sex
Characteristics
What characteristic is this cartoon
implying that testosterone is
responsible for?
Hair
Ovaries
 Estrogen
is responsible for the
developing eggs.
 Progesterone is responsible for the
production of secondary sex
characteristics
 Progesterone also readies the uterus
for an embryo
Ovary
Puberty
 Period
of rapid
growth and sexual
maturation during
which the
reproductive system
becomes fully
functional.
 Ages 9-15 (about a
year earlier in
females)
Male Reproductive System
Main
Structures
Testes, epididymis, vas
deferens, urethra and penis
All work together to
produce and deliver sperm.
Testes
 Located in the scrotum
 Outside the body because the cooler
temperature is better for sperm
production.
 Within the testes are the seminiferous
tubules= location of sperm
production
Sperm
 Three
parts
Head with a nucleus
Mid piece with mitochondria
Tail which moves the sperm forward
Allows it to swim through the
female reproductive tract.
Sperm
Sperm Pathway
 Testes
 To
the epididymis to mature and be
stored
 Some sperm swim into the vas deferens
 Into the urethra (tube which leads to
the outside of the body through the
penis)
Sperm cont.
 Swim
in seminal fluid
Produced by the glands such as
prostate that line the reproductive
tract.
Sperm + seminal fluid = semen
Between 50 and 130 million sperm
present in 1 mL of semen
Sperm Release
 Autonomic
Nervous system preps the
male organs
 Ejaculation: sperm are ejected from
the penis due to the contraction of
smooth muscles lining the reproductive
tract.
 Not completely voluntary
2/14 How is the female adapted to
carry out reproduction?
 Do
now: How many functional eggs
are produced in oogenesis? How do
they compare to the parent cell in
terms of look and # of chromosomes?
 HW: Study for quiz tomorrow on male
and female reproduction
Female Reproductive System
 Widening
of the hips, development of
breasts play a role in this system.
 Main Structures
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and
vagina
Female Reproductive System
Prepares
the body for
nourishing an embryo
Produces eggs
Ovaries
 2 present in the female
 Produce 1 mature ovum/egg between
them per month.
Egg Development
 Each
ovary contains 400,000 immature
eggs
 Primary Follicle= clusters of cells that
surround an egg
Help the egg mature for release into
the reproductive tract where it will
become fertilized.
Egg Development
A
female will not produce any new
eggs during her lifetime
 Only 400 eggs will be released in her
lifetime.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-reproduction4.htm
Where do the eggs develop?
 Egg
is released in a process known as
ovulation
 Follicle breaks open and the egg goes into
the fallopian tube aka: oviduct
 The egg moves along the fallopian tube
due to cilia
 It is here where it will become fertilized.
OVULATION
 After
a few days, the egg is dropped into
the uterus.
 If it becomes fertilized (by sperm) then the
lining is known as the cervix
 Beyond the cervix is the vagina which
leads to the outside of the body
2/16
Aim: How can we describe the
stages of the menstrual cycle?
 Do now: Where does fertilization
usually occur?
 HW: Finish handout and regents
questions on menstrual cycle
Menstrual Cycle
 Endocrine
and Reproductive Systems
interact in a series of periodic events
known as the Menstrual Cycle.
 Cycle takes an average of about 28 days
 Regulated by hormones controlled by
negative feedback.
Menstrual Cycle
 Egg
develops and is released from the
ovary
 If fertilized after ovulation it is
implanted in the uterus and embryonic
development begins.
 If not it is shed along with the uterus
lining (period)
4 Cycles

Follicular Phase
 Estrogen level is low
 Hypothalamus tells the Pituitary to release
FSH and LH
These hormones travel to the ovaries and
cause the follicle to mature
 Cells around the egg produce estrogen
because estrogen is what prepares the uterus
Thickens the lining to receive the egg
10 days long
4 Cycles
 Ovulation
 Shortest
phase in the cycle
 Lasts 3-4 days long
 Occurs midway through
 Pituitary produces a sudden rush of
FSH and LH
The follicle ruptures and the mature
egg is released into the fallopian tube.
4 Cycles
 Luteal
Phase aka Corpus Luteum Stage
 Begins after the egg is released
 Follicle turns yellow due to the rupturing
of the cells
 Now known as the corpus luteum
(yellow body)
 Estrogen is released and progesterone
begins to be released as well.
 Luteal
4 Cycles
Phase cont.
 The increased estrogen levels occur
during the 1st 14 days which promotes
cell growth and tissue development.
 Blood supply increases which helps the
tissues mature
 The lining is fully prepared to accept a
fertilized egg.
 During the first 2 days of this phase the
fertilization rate is the highest.
 If fertilized  egg will begin to divide.
What happens if fertilization doesn’t
occur?
 Menstruation
Within
2-3 days of ovulation, the egg
will pass through the uterus without
implantation
Corpus leuteum will disintegrate
Hormone levels in the blood
decrease.
 When
the level of estrogen drop below
a certain point, the lining of the uterus
begins to detach from the uterine wall.
 This tissue, along with blood and the
unfertilized egg are discharged through
the vagina.
This is known as Menstruation
Lasts 3-7 days
Day 1-5 of the cycle
A
few days later after “Period” ends,
the hormone levels are low enough to
stimulate the release of FSH and LH
 The cycle begins all over again.
 Do
3/17
Period 2 & 4
Aim: How can we review the
menstrual cycle?
now: Take out HW, work on
questions
 HW: School island due Friday
3/17 Period 8
Aim: How can we review the
menstrual cycle?
 Do
now: Take out HW (purple
questions) and labeling handout (Blue)
 HW: Menstrual Cycle Questions
(Regents)