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The
Musculoskeletal
System
Types of Skeletal Systems
Bone
Joints and Skeletal Movement
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
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The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems
Types of Skeletal Systems
• Introduction
• Hydrostatic Skeleton, Exoskeleton, and Endoskeleton
• Human Axial Skeleton
• Human Appendicular Skeleton
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The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems
Introduction
• The skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective
tissues are all part of the musculoskeletal system, which work together to provide
the body with support, protection, and movement.
• The bones of the skeletal system protect the body's internal organs, support the
weight of the body, and serve as the main storage system for calcium and
phosphorus.
• The muscles of the muscular system keep bones in place; they assist with
movement by contracting and pulling on the bones.
• To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints which are connected to
other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissues such as tendons and
Joints, tendons, and ligaments
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ligaments.
• Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on each other.
• Malnutrition and arthritis are examples of disorders and diseases in the body that
can severely impair the function of the musculoskeletal system.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems
Hydrostatic Skeleton, Exoskeleton, and Endoskeleton
• In organisms with hydrostatic skeletons, the muscles contract to change the
shape of the coelom, which then produces movement due to the pressure of the
fluid inside the fluid-filled cavity.
• Exoskeletons are external skeletal systems that are made up of chitin and calcium
carbonate.
• Organisms with an endoskeleton are supported by a hard, mineralized skeletal
system that resides inside the body.
• In vertebrates, the endoskeleton system is further divided into the axial skeleton
and appendicular skeleton.
Hydrostatic skeleton
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The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems
Human Axial Skeleton
• The axial skeleton provides support and protection for the brain, spinal cord, and
the organs in the ventral body cavity; it also provides a surface for the attachment
of muscles, directs respiratory movements, and stabilizes portions of the
appendicular skeleton.
• The bones of the skull are divided into cranial bones and facial bones; their main
roles consist of supporting the structures of the face and protecting the brain.
• The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and acts as an
attachment point for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck.
• The thoracic cage's most notable role is in breathing; however, it also protects the
organs of the thoracic cavity, provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper
Axial skeleton
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limbs, and functions as the attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the
back, chest, neck, and shoulders.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Types of Skeletal Systems
Human Appendicular Skeleton
• The human appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper limbs,
the lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
• The pectoral girdle acts as the point of attachment of the upper limbs to the body.
• The upper limb consists of the arm, the forearm, and the wrist and hand.
• The pelvic girdle is responsible for bearing the weight of the body and is
responsible for locomotion; it is also responsible for attaching the lower limbs to
the body.
• The lower limbs, including the thighs, legs, and feet, support the entire weight of
the body and absorb the resulting forces from locomotion.
Appendicular skeleton
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Bone
• Bone
• Cell Types in Bones and Development of Bone
• Intramembranous Ossification
• Growth of Bone
• Bone Remodeling and Repair
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Bone
• Compact bone is the hard external layer of all bones that protects, strengthens,
and surrounds the medullary cavity filled with marrow.
• Cylindrical structures, called osteons, are aligned along lines of the greatest
stress to the bone in order to resist bending or fracturing.
• Spongy or cancellous bone tissue consists of trabeculae that are arranged as
rods or plates with red bone marrow in between.
• Spongy bone is prominent in regions where the bone is less dense and at the
ends of long bones where the bone has to be more compressible due to stresses
that arrive from many directions.
Components of compact bone tissue
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Cell Types in Bones and Development of Bone
• Osteogenic cells are the only bone cells that divide.
• Osteogenic cells differentiate and develop into osteoblasts which, in turn, are
responsible for forming new bone.
• Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete a collagen matrix and calcium salts.
• When the area surrounding an osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast becomes
trapped and transforms into an osteocyte, the most common and mature type of
bone cell.
• Osteoclasts, the cells that break down and reabsorb bone, stem from monocytes
and macrophages rather than osteogenic cells..
Bone cell types
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• There is a continual balance between osteoblasts generating new bone and
osteoclasts breaking down bone.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Intramembranous Ossification
• The ossification of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles
begins with mesenchymal cells, which then differentiate into calcium-secreting
and bone matrix-secreting osteoblasts.
• Osteoids form spongy bone around blood vessels, which is later remodeled into a
thin layer of compact bone.
• During enchondral ossification, the cartilage template in long bones is calcified;
dying chondrocytes provide space for the development of spongy bone and the
bone marrow cavity in the interior of the long bones.
• The periosteum, an irregular connective tissue around bones, aids in the
attachment of tissues, tendons, and ligaments to the bone.
Process of endochondral ossification
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• Until adolescence, lengthwise long bone growth occurs in secondary ossification
centers at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) near the ends of the bones.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Growth of Bone
• The epiphyseal plate, the area of growth composed of four zones, is where
cartilage is formed on the epiphyseal side while cartilage is ossified on the
diaphyseal side, thereby lengthening the bone.
• Each of the four zones has a role in the proliferation, maturation, and calcification
of bone cells that are added to the diaphysis.
• The longitudinal growth of long bones continues until early adulthood at which
time the chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate stop proliferating and the
epiphyseal plate transforms into the epiphyseal line as bone replaces the
cartilage.
Longitudinal bone growth
• Bones can increase in diameter even after longitudinal growth has stopped.
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• Appositional growth is the process by which old bone that lines the medullary
cavity is reabsorbed and new bone tissue is grown beneath the periosteum,
increasing bone diameter.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Bone
Bone Remodeling and Repair
• Bone replacement involves the osteoclasts which break down bone and the
osteoblasts which make new bone.
• Bone turnover rates differ depending on the bone and the area within the bone.
• There are four stages in the repair of a broken bone: 1) the formation of
hematoma at the break, 2) the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, 3) the
formation of a bony callus, and 4) remodeling and addition of compact bone.
• Proper bone growth and maintenance requires many vitamins (D, C, and A),
minerals (calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium), and hormones (parathyroid
hormone, growth hormone, and calcitonin).
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The Musculoskeletal System > Joints and Skeletal Movement
Joints and Skeletal Movement
• Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure and Function
• Movement at Synovial Joints
• Types of Synovial Joints
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The Musculoskeletal System > Joints and Skeletal Movement
Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure and Function
• Fibrous joints contain fibrous connective tissue and cannot move; fibrous joints
include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.
• Cartilaginous joints contain cartilage and allow very little movement; there are two
types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses.
• Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space (a synovial cavity filled with
fluid) between the adjoining bones.
• The presence of synovial fluid and an articular capsule give synovial joints the
greatest range of movement among the three joint types; however they are the
weakest of the joint types.
Sutures
• Based on function, joints can be divided into synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and
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diarthroses.
• Synarthrosis joints include fibrous joints; amphiarthrosis joints include
cartilaginous joints; diarthrosis joints include synovial joints.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Joints and Skeletal Movement
Movement at Synovial Joints
• Gliding movements occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other,
but they produce very little movement of the bones.
• Angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint
changes; they include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction,
and circumduction.
• Rotational movement involves moving the bone around its longitudinal axis; this
can be movement toward the midline of the body (medial rotation) or away from
the midline of the body (lateral rotation).
• Special movements are all the other movements that cannot be classified as
gliding, angular, or rotational; these movements include inversion, eversion,
Angular and rotational movements
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protraction, and retraction.
• Other special movements include elevation, depression, supination, and
pronation.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Joints and Skeletal Movement
Types of Synovial Joints
• Planar joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved,
allowing for limited movement; pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone
fitting into a ring formed by the other bone to allow rotational movement.
• Hinge joints act like the hinge of a door; the slightly-rounded end of one bone fits
into the slightly-hollow end of the other bone; one bone remains stationary.
• Condyloid joints consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly
oval-shaped hollow of another bone to allow angular movement along two axes.
• Saddle joints include concave and convex portions that fit together and allow
angular movement; ball-and-socket joints include a rounded, ball-like end of one
Types of synovial joints
bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone which allows the greatest range
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of motion.
• Rheumatologists diagnose and treat joint disorders, which include rheumatoid
arthritis and osteoporosis.
• Immune cells enter joints and the synovium, causing cartilage breakdown,
swelling, and inflammation of the joint lining, which breaks down cartilage,
resulting in bones rubbing against each other, causing pain.
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
• Introduction
• Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure
• Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
• ATP and Muscle Contraction
• Regulatory Proteins
• Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• Control of Muscle Tension
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Introduction
• Muscle cells contract when protein filaments of actin and myosin slide past one
another, changing both the length and shape of the cell.
• Muscle contractions are responsible for animal locomotion, whether running,
swimming, or flying.
• Skeletal muscle tissue is striated, contracts voluntarily, and is responsible for
locomotion.
• Smooth muscle tissue in involuntary and controls organ contractions, including
the movement of food through the digestive system.
• Cardiac muscle tissue is involuntary, found only in the heart, and is distinguished
by the presence of intercalated discs.
Types of muscle
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure
• Muscles are composed of long bundles of myocytes or muscle fibers.
• Myofibrils, the basic rod-like subunit of muscle cells, are composed of long
proteins that lie parallel to the muscle fibers.
• Sarcomeres are repeating subunits of thin and thick protein fibers within
myofibrils, from one Z line to the next Z line.
• Myofilaments are composed of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments, which
interact to cause muscle contractions.
Myocyte: skeletal muscle cell
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
• ATP activates myosin, bringing it to a higher energy state, ready to form crossbridges with the thin actin filament.
• Myosin acts as a molecular ratchet by binding to an actin filament and changing
shape, thereby pulling the actin filament toward the A-band.
• ATP binds again, destabilizing the myosin filament and enabling it to bind to
another site along the actin filament, increasing the strength of contraction.
• All the myosin heads contract simultaneously, shortening all the sarcomeres,
causing the muscle to contract.
• The myosin heads pull the A-band toward the Z-lines at the end of each
sarcomere, shortening the length of the I-band.
Sliding filament model
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
ATP and Muscle Contraction
• ATP prepares myosin for binding with actin by moving it to a higher-energy state
and a "cocked" position.
• Once the myosin forms a cross-bridge with actin, the Pi disassociates and the
myosin undergoes the power stroke, reaching a lower energy state when the
sarcomere shortens.
• ATP must bind to myosin to break the cross-bridge and enable the myosin to
rebind to actin at the next muscle contraction.
Cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Regulatory Proteins
• Tropomyosin covers the actin binding sites, preventing myosin from forming
cross-bridges while in a resting state.
• When calcium binds to troponin, the troponin changes shape, removing
tropomyosin from the binding sites.
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions, which it releases when a muscle
cell is stimulated; the calcium ions then enable the cross-bridge muscle
contraction cycle.
Muscle contraction
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• A motor neuron connects to a muscle at the neuromuscular junction, where a
synaptic terminal forms a synaptic cleft with a motor-end plate.
• The neurotransmitter acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, causing the
depolarization of the sarcolemma.
• The depolarization of the sarcolemma stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release Ca2+, which causes the muscle to contract.
Excitation-contraction coupling
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The Musculoskeletal System > Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Control of Muscle Tension
• The more cross-bridges that are formed, the more tension in the muscle.
• The amount of tension produced depends on the cross-sectional area of the
muscle fiber and the frequency of neural stimulation.
• Maximal tension occurs when thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest
degree within a sarcomere; less tension is produced when the sarcomere is
stretched.
• If more motor neurons are stimulated, more myofibers contract, and there is
greater tension in the muscle.
Muscle tension
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Appendix
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The Musculoskeletal System
Key terms
• A-band contains the entire length of a single thick filament
• abduction moving a bone away from the midline of the body
• acetylcholine a neurotransmitter in humans and other animals, which is an ester of acetic acid and choline
• acetylcholinesterase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid
• actin A globular structural protein that polymerizes in a helical fashion to form an actin filament (or microfilament).
• adduction the movement of a bone toward the midline of the body
• amphiarthrosis slightly movable joint in which the surfaces of bones are connected by ligaments or cartilage
• appendicular of or pertaining to a limb or appendage
• arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints causing pain and/or disability, swelling, and stiffness due to various causes, such as
infection, trauma, degenerative changes, or metabolic disorders
• articulate to form a joint or connect by joints
• ATPase a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion, releasing energy that
is often harnessed to drive other chemical reactions
• axial skeleton the bones of the head and trunk of an organism
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The Musculoskeletal System
• ball-and-socket joint consists of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone, allowing the
first segment to move around an indefinite number of axes which have one common center
• callus the material of repair in fractures of bone which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistency, but is ultimately converted
into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece
• canaliculus any of many small canals or ducts in bone or in some plants
• chondrocyte a cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage
• chondrocyte a cell that makes up the tissue of cartilage
• clavicle the collar bone; the prominent bone at the top of the chest between the shoulder and the neck
• coelom a fluid-filled cavity within the body of an animal; the digestive system is suspended within the cavity, which is lined by a
tissue called the peritoneum
• concave curved or bowed inward like the inner surface of a sphere or bowl
• condyloid joint consists of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone
• convex curved or bowed outward like the outside of a bowl, sphere or circle
• cross-bridge the bond between the globular head of a myosin molecule and the actin filament, repeatedly formed during muscle
contraction to draw it into the A band of a sarcomere
• diaphysis the central shaft of any long bone
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The Musculoskeletal System
• diaphysis the central shaft of any long bone
• diarthrosis a joint that can move freely in various planes
• endochondral within cartilage
• endoskeleton the internal skeleton of an animal, which in vertebrates is comprised of bone and cartilage
• endosteum a membranous vascular layer of cells which line the medullary cavity of a bone
• epiphysis the rounded end of any long bone
• epiphysis the rounded end of any long bone
• exoskeleton a hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects, Crustacea, and
Nematoda
• fibroblast a cell found in connective tissue that produces fibers, such as collagen
• hypertrophy to increase in size
• I-band the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments
• intercalated disc identifying features of cardiac muscle; these connect individual heart muscle cells to work as a single
functional organ
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The Musculoskeletal System
• intervertebral disc a disc between the vertebra in the spine
• lacuna a small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus
• M-line the disc in the middle of the sarcomere, inside the H-zone
• medullary pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or medulla
• metaphysis the part of a long bone that grows during development
• motor-end plate postjunctional folds which increase the surface area of the membrane (and acetylcholine receptors) exposed to
the synaptic cleft
• musculoskeletal system an organ system made up of the muscular and skeletal systems; the system provides form, support,
stability, and movement to the body
• myocyte a single muscle fiber cell
• myofibril cylindrical organelles, found within muscle cells, that are the contractile unit of muscles
• myosin a large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues, allowing mobility in muscles
• ossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear
• ossification the normal process by which bone is formed
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The Musculoskeletal System
• osteoblast a mononucleate cell from which bone develops
• osteoclast a large multinuclear cell associated with the resorption of bone
• osteocyte a mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone
• osteocyte a mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone
• osteoid an organic matrix of protein and polysaccharides, secreted by osteoblasts, that becomes bone after mineralization
• osteon any of the central canals and surrounding bony layers found in compact bone
• osteoprogenitor a stem cell that is the precursor of an osteoblast
• periosteum a membrane surrounding a bone
• periosteum a membrane surrounding a bone
• peristalsis the rhythmic, wave-like contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube
• pronation the action of rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned down or back
• prosthesis an artificial replacement for a body part, either internal or external
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The Musculoskeletal System
• rheumatoid arthritis chronic, progressive disease in which the immune system attacks the joints; characterized by pain,
inflammation and swelling of the joints, stiffness, weakness, loss of mobility, and deformity
• sarcolemma a thin cell membrane that surrounds a striated muscle fiber
• sarcomere the contractile unit of the myofibril of a striated muscle
• sarcoplasmic reticulum s smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in smooth and striated muscle; it contains large stores of
calcium, which it sequesters and then releases when the muscle cell is stimulated
• scapula either of the two large, flat, bones forming the back of the shoulder
• spicule a sharp, needle-like piece
• supination the action of rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand is turned up or forward
• synarthrosis immovable joint in which two bones are connected rigidly by fibrous tissue
• synovial fluid a viscous, fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints whose main purpose is to reduce friction between the
articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement
• tension condition of being held in a state between two or more forces, which are acting in opposition to each other
• trabecula a small mineralized spicule that forms a network in spongy bone
• tropomyosin any of a family of muscle proteins that regulate the interaction of actin and myosin
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The Musculoskeletal System
• troponin a complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, or any
member of this complex
• vertebral column the series of vertebrae that protect the spinal cord; the spinal column
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The Musculoskeletal System
Prostheses
Improvements in the design of prostheses, artificial replacements for body parts such as joints, elbows, legs, and fingers, have allowed for a wider range
of activities in impaired recipients.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Human muscular system
The muscles of the muscular system keep bones in place while assisting with movement by contracting and pulling on the bones.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Joints, tendons, and ligaments
To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints.Within these joints, bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue
such as tendons and ligaments.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Human skeletal system
The bones of the skeletal system protect the body's internal organs, support the weight of the body, and serve as the main storage system for calcium
and phosphorus.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Exoskeletons
Muscles attached to the exoskeleton of the Halloween crab (Gecarcinus quadratus) allow it to move.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Hydrostatic skeleton
The skeleton of the red-knobbed sea star (Protoreaster linckii) is an example of a hydrostatic skeleton.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Endoskeletons
The skeletons of humans and horses are examples of endoskeletons.They provide bodies with support, protection of organs, and aid in movement.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Cranial and facial bones
The facial bones of the skull form the face and provide cavities for the eyes, nose, and mouth.The cranial bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal,
occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Vertebral column
(a) The vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae (C1–7), twelve thoracic vertebrae (Th1–12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–5), the sacrum, and
the coccyx.(b) Spinal curves increase the strength and flexibility of the spine.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Skull
The bones of the skull support the structures of the face and protect the brain.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Thoracic cage
The thoracic cage, or rib cage, protects the heart and the lungs.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the pectoral limbs (arm, forearm, hand), the pelvic limbs (thigh, leg, foot), the pectoral girdle, and
the pelvic girdle.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Foot and ankle
This drawing shows the bones of the human foot and ankle, including the metatarsals and the phalanges.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Pectoral girdle
(a) The pectoral girdle in primates consists of the clavicles and scapulae.(b) The posterior view reveals the spine of the scapula to which muscle
attaches.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Lower limb
The lower limb consists of the thigh (femur), kneecap (patella), leg (tibia and fibula), ankle (tarsals), and foot (metatarsals and phalanges) bones.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Upper limb
The upper limb consists of the humerus of the upper arm, the radius and ulna of the forearm, eight bones of the carpus, five bones of the metacarpus,
and 14 bones of the phalanges.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Arrangement of trabeculae in spongy bone
Trabeculae in spongy bone are arranged such that one side of the bone bears tension and the other withstands compression.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Components of compact bone tissue
Compact bone tissue consists of osteons that are aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone and the Haversian canal that contains the bone's blood
vessels and nerve fibers.The inner layer of bones consists of spongy bone tissue.The small dark ovals in the osteon represent the living osteocytes.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Bone cell types
Table listing the function and location of the four types of bone cells.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Four types of bone cells
Four types of cells are found within bone tissue.Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts.When osteoblasts get trapped within
the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes; they become osteocytes.Osteoclasts develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in
appearance from other bone cells.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Process of endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage.The periosteum is the connective tissue on the outside of bone that
acts as the interface between bone, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments.
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The Musculoskeletal System
From epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line
As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses to an epiphyseal line.(a) Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone.(b) Epiphyseal lines are the
remnants of epiphyseal plates in a mature bone.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Longitudinal bone growth
The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.This illustration shows the zones bordering the epiphyseal plate of the epiphysis.The
topmost layer of the epiphysis is the reserve zone.The second zone, the proliferative zone, is where chondrocytes are continually undergoing
mitosis.The next zone is the zone of maturation and hypertrophy where lipids, glycogen, and alkaline phosphatase accumulate, causing the cartilaginous
matrix to calcify.The following zone is the calcified matrix where the chondrocytes have hardened and die as the matrix around them has calcified.The
bottom-most row is the zone of ossification which is part of the metaphysis.The newly-deposited bone tissue at the top of the zone of ossification is
called the primary spongiosa, while the older bone is labeled the secondary spongiosa.
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The Musculoskeletal System
X-ray of a broken bone
After this bone is set, a fibrocartilaginous callus will knit the two ends together.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space or "synovial cavity" in the joint.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Sutures
Sutures are fibrous joints found only in the skull.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Gomphoses
Gomphoses are fibrous joints between the teeth and their sockets.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Angular and rotational movements
Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move.(a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of
motion.These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal
joints.(c)–(d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior movement of the head is extension.(e) Abduction and
adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of movement.Moving the limb or hand laterally away from
the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction.Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or
toes together.Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction,
extension, and abduction motions.Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and
metatarsophalangeal joints.(f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation.Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the
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shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the Free
midline
of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from
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the midline (lateral or external rotation).
The Musculoskeletal System
Special movements
(g) Supination of the forearm turns the palm upward in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the palm downward in which
the radius crosses over the ulna to form an "X." (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion
lifts the heel and points the toes.(i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces
the sole toward the midline.(j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, while retraction pulls the chin back.(k) Depression of the mandible
opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Condyloid
The metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger are examples of condyloid joints.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Ball-and-socket
The shoulder joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Types of synovial joints
The six types of synovial joints allow the body to move in a variety of ways.(a) Pivot joints allow for rotation around an axis, such as between the first and
second cervical vertebrae, which allows for side-to-side rotation of the head.(b) The hinge joint of the elbow works like a door hinge.(c) The articulation
between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone at the base of the thumb is a saddle joint.(d) Planar (or plane) joints, such as those
between the tarsal bones of the foot, allow for limited gliding movements between bones.(e) The radiocarpal joint of the wrist is a condyloid joint.(f) The
hip and shoulder joints are the only ball-and-socket joints of the body.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Thin and thick filaments of a sarcomere
The thin (actin) filaments slide past the thick (myosin) filaments to produce a muscle contraction.Thick filaments are found only on the A band, while thin
filaments are found on the I band and part of the A band.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Myocyte: skeletal muscle cell
A skeletal muscle cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma with a cytoplasm called the sarcoplasm.A muscle fiber is composed
of many fibrils, packaged into orderly units.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Sarcomere
A sarcomere is the region from one Z line to the next Z line.Many sarcomeres are present in a myofibril, resulting in the striation pattern characteristic of
skeletal muscle.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Sliding filament model
When (a) a sarcomere (b) contracts, the Z-lines move closer together and the I band gets smaller.The A-band stays the same width and, at full
contraction, the thin filaments overlap.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle
The cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle, which is triggered by Ca2+ binding to the actin active site, is shown.With each contraction cycle, actin moves
relative to myosin.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Muscle contraction
Calcium remains in the sarcoplasmic reticulum until released by a stimulus.Calcium then binds to troponin, causing the troponin to change shape and
remove the tropomyosin from the binding sites.Cross-bridge cling continues until the calcium ions and ATP are no longer available.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Excitation-contraction coupling
This diagram shows excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle contraction.The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized endoplasmic reticulum
found in muscle cells.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Muscle tension
Muscle tension is produced when the maximum amount of cross-bridges are formed, either within a muscle with a large diameter or when the maximum
number of muscle fibers are stimulated.Muscle tone is residual muscle tension that resists passive stretching during the resting phase.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Types of muscle
The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, visualized here using light microscopy.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements regarding the musculoskeletal
system is true?
A) The muscle, skeletal, and circulatory system make up what is known
as the musculoskeletal system.
B) In the musculoskeletal system, bones provide movement, while
muscles provide weight support.
C) The musculoskeletal system provides support, stability, protection, and
motion to the body.
D) The skeletal portion of the musculoskeletal system provides storage
for calcium and iron.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements regarding the musculoskeletal
system is true?
A) The muscle, skeletal, and circulatory system make up what is known
as the musculoskeletal system.
B) In the musculoskeletal system, bones provide movement, while
muscles provide weight support.
C) The musculoskeletal system provides support, stability, protection, and
motion to the body.
D) The skeletal portion of the musculoskeletal system provides storage
for calcium and iron.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements about exoskeletons is true?
A) They consist of hard encasements on the surface of an organism.
B) They consist of 85 percent chitin and are acellular.
C) They allow organisms to trade encasements with one another as they
grow.
D) All of these statements are true.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements about exoskeletons is true?
A) They consist of hard encasements on the surface of an organism.
B) They consist of 85 percent chitin and are acellular.
C) They allow organisms to trade encasements with one another as they
grow.
D) All of these statements are true.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements about the different skeletal
systems is true?
A) Hydrostatic skeletons are efficient skeletal systems in terrestrial
animals.
B) Human skeletons consist of an exoskeletal system, which provides
them with protection.
C) The coelom forms the basis for movement and body support in
hydrostatic skeletons.
D) Endoskeletons are composed of 30-50 percent chitin.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements about the different skeletal
systems is true?
A) Hydrostatic skeletons are efficient skeletal systems in terrestrial
animals.
B) Human skeletons consist of an exoskeletal system, which provides
them with protection.
C) The coelom forms the basis for movement and body support in
hydrostatic skeletons.
D) Endoskeletons are composed of 30-50 percent chitin.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Hydrostatic skeletons:
A) provide organisms with movement through the application of pressure
of the fluid inside the coelom.
B) are most commonly found in hard-shelled invertebrates.
C) are made up of mineralized structures that protect the soft tissues
inside the body.
D) must be shed periodically to allow an organism to grow.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Hydrostatic skeletons:
A) provide organisms with movement through the application of pressure
of the fluid inside the coelom.
B) are most commonly found in hard-shelled invertebrates.
C) are made up of mineralized structures that protect the soft tissues
inside the body.
D) must be shed periodically to allow an organism to grow.
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The Musculoskeletal System
The main function of the axial skeleton is:
A) to provide support and protection to the brain, spinal cord, and ventral
body cavity.
B) to provide a surface for attachment for the ribcage and respiratory
system.
C) to support the appendicular skeleton with a spinal column.
D) to perform respiratory and swallowing movements with the aid of the
hyoid bone.
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The Musculoskeletal System
The main function of the axial skeleton is:
A) to provide support and protection to the brain, spinal cord, and ventral
body cavity.
B) to provide a surface for attachment for the ribcage and respiratory
system.
C) to support the appendicular skeleton with a spinal column.
D) to perform respiratory and swallowing movements with the aid of the
hyoid bone.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements on the human appendicular
skeleton is true?
A) The lower limbs are responsible for bearing the weight of the entire
body.
B) The pectoral girdle is responsible for attaching the lower limbs to the
body.
C) The upper limbs include only the ribcage, shoulders, and arms.
D) The pectoral girdle provide the point of attachment for the metatarsals
and phalanges.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following statements on the human appendicular
skeleton is true?
A) The lower limbs are responsible for bearing the weight of the entire
body.
B) The pectoral girdle is responsible for attaching the lower limbs to the
body.
C) The upper limbs include only the ribcage, shoulders, and arms.
D) The pectoral girdle provide the point of attachment for the metatarsals
and phalanges.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following defining factor about compact and spongy
bone tissue is true?
A) Compact bones are made of trabuculae and resist stresses from many
directions.
B) Compact bones are made of osteons and resist stresses from only a
few directions.
C) Spongy bones are made of trabuculae and resist stresses from only a
few directions.
D) Spongy bones are made of osteons and resist stresses from many
directions.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following defining factor about compact and spongy
bone tissue is true?
A) Compact bones are made of trabuculae and resist stresses from many
directions.
B) Compact bones are made of osteons and resist stresses from only a
few directions.
C) Spongy bones are made of trabuculae and resist stresses from only a
few directions.
D) Spongy bones are made of osteons and resist stresses from many
directions.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?
A) osteoblasts and osteoprogenitors
B) osteoprogenitors and osteocytes
C) osteoblasts and osteocytes
D) osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?
A) osteoblasts and osteoprogenitors
B) osteoprogenitors and osteocytes
C) osteoblasts and osteocytes
D) osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following is a true description of the initial bone
templates during intramembranous ossification (IO) and
endochondral ossification (EO)?
A) IO begins with a chondrocyte template and EO with a mesenchymal
template
B) IO begins with a spongy bone template and EO with a periosteum
template
C) IO begins with a mesenchymal template and EO with a chondrocyte
template
D) IO begins with a periostium template and EO with a spongy bone
template
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following is a true description of the initial bone
templates during intramembranous ossification (IO) and
endochondral ossification (EO)?
A) IO begins with a chondrocyte template and EO with a mesenchymal
template
B) IO begins with a spongy bone template and EO with a periosteum
template
C) IO begins with a mesenchymal template and EO with a chondrocyte
template
D) IO begins with a periostium template and EO with a spongy bone
template
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones
in the epiphyseal plate, beginning with the zone closest to the
diaphysis?
A) proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification
B) calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
C) maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification
D) calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones
in the epiphyseal plate, beginning with the zone closest to the
diaphysis?
A) proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification
B) calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
C) maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification
D) calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation
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The Musculoskeletal System
In which of the four stages of bone repair do the osteoblasts start
to do their work?
A) stage 1: hematoma formation
B) stage 2: bone generation
C) stage 3: bony callous formation
D) stage 4: bone remodelling
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The Musculoskeletal System
In which of the four stages of bone repair do the osteoblasts start
to do their work?
A) stage 1: hematoma formation
B) stage 2: bone generation
C) stage 3: bony callous formation
D) stage 4: bone remodelling
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between
symphyses and syndesmoses joints?
A) Symphyses do not contain a cavity, while syndesmoses contain a
cavity.
B) Symphyses contain a cavity, while syndesmoses do not contain a
cavity.
C) Symphyses are connected by connective tissue, while syndesmoses
are connected by fibrocartilage.
D) Symphyses are connected by fibrocartilage, while syndesmoses are
connected by connective tissue
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between
symphyses and syndesmoses joints?
A) Symphyses do not contain a cavity, while syndesmoses contain a
cavity.
B) Symphyses contain a cavity, while syndesmoses do not contain a
cavity.
C) Symphyses are connected by connective tissue, while syndesmoses
are connected by fibrocartilage.
D) Symphyses are connected by fibrocartilage, while syndesmoses are
connected by connective tissue
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between
amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis joints?
A) Amphiarthrosis allows complete movement, while diarthrosis allows
slight movement.
B) Amphiarthrosis allows no movement, while diarthrosis allows slight
movement.
C) Amphiarthrosis allows slight movement, while diarthrosis allows
complete movement.
D) Amphiarthrosis allows slight movement, while diarthrosis allows no
movement.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between
amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis joints?
A) Amphiarthrosis allows complete movement, while diarthrosis allows
slight movement.
B) Amphiarthrosis allows no movement, while diarthrosis allows slight
movement.
C) Amphiarthrosis allows slight movement, while diarthrosis allows
complete movement.
D) Amphiarthrosis allows slight movement, while diarthrosis allows no
movement.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Standing on the toes is an example of which type of joint
movement?
A) plantarflexion
B) dorsiflexion
C) flexion
D) extension
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The Musculoskeletal System
Standing on the toes is an example of which type of joint
movement?
A) plantarflexion
B) dorsiflexion
C) flexion
D) extension
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between abduction
and adduction?
A) Abduction is moving a bone toward the body; adduction is moving a
bone away from the body.
B) Abduction is moving a bone away from the body; adduction is moving
a bone toward the body.
C) Abduction moves the palm in the upward position; adduction moves
the palm in the downward position.
D) Abduction moves the palm in the downward position; adduction moves
the palm in the upward position.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between abduction
and adduction?
A) Abduction is moving a bone toward the body; adduction is moving a
bone away from the body.
B) Abduction is moving a bone away from the body; adduction is moving
a bone toward the body.
C) Abduction moves the palm in the upward position; adduction moves
the palm in the downward position.
D) Abduction moves the palm in the downward position; adduction moves
the palm in the upward position.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following movements is described as an angular
movement?
A) extension
B) rotation
C) eversion
D) retraction
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following movements is described as an angular
movement?
A) extension
B) rotation
C) eversion
D) retraction
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between condyloid
joints and saddle joints?
A) Condyloid joints allow angular movement, while saddle joints allow
rotational movement.
B) Both joints allow angular movement, but condyloid joints have a
greater range of movement.
C) Saddle joints allow angular movement, while condyloid joints allow
rotational movement.
D) Both joints allow angular movement, but saddle joints have a greater
range of movement.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the difference between condyloid
joints and saddle joints?
A) Condyloid joints allow angular movement, while saddle joints allow
rotational movement.
B) Both joints allow angular movement, but condyloid joints have a
greater range of movement.
C) Saddle joints allow angular movement, while condyloid joints allow
rotational movement.
D) Both joints allow angular movement, but saddle joints have a greater
range of movement.
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The Musculoskeletal System
The elbow is an example of which type of synovial joint?
A) pivot
B) planar
C) hinge
D) ball-and-socket
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The Musculoskeletal System
The elbow is an example of which type of synovial joint?
A) pivot
B) planar
C) hinge
D) ball-and-socket
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following joints allow the greatest range of
movements?
A) ball-and-socket
B) saddle
C) condyloid
D) hinge
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following joints allow the greatest range of
movements?
A) ball-and-socket
B) saddle
C) condyloid
D) hinge
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The Musculoskeletal System
Rheumatologists provide patients with which of the following
services?
A) curing rheumatoid arthritis
B) transplanting cartilage for joints
C) all of these answers
D) administering steroid injections
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The Musculoskeletal System
Rheumatologists provide patients with which of the following
services?
A) curing rheumatoid arthritis
B) transplanting cartilage for joints
C) all of these answers
D) administering steroid injections
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following muscle tissue types is paired correctly with
its structure?
A) cardiac muscle; stomach
B) smooth muscle; tongue
C) skeletal muscle; biceps
D) skeletal muscle; esophagus
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following muscle tissue types is paired correctly with
its structure?
A) cardiac muscle; stomach
B) smooth muscle; tongue
C) skeletal muscle; biceps
D) skeletal muscle; esophagus
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which characteristic is consistent among all types of muscle?
A) voluntary contractions
B) striations
C) multiple nuclei per cell
D) actin and myosin filaments
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which characteristic is consistent among all types of muscle?
A) voluntary contractions
B) striations
C) multiple nuclei per cell
D) actin and myosin filaments
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The Musculoskeletal System
How do muscles contribute to locomotion?
A) Contractions in skeletal muscle produce movements in the skeletal
system.
B) Skeletal muscles produce involuntary contractions that stimulate
movement
C) Smooth muscles contract and relax to produce movements in the
skeletal system.
D) Cardiac muscles contract to produce locomotion.
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The Musculoskeletal System
How do muscles contribute to locomotion?
A) Contractions in skeletal muscle produce movements in the skeletal
system.
B) Skeletal muscles produce involuntary contractions that stimulate
movement
C) Smooth muscles contract and relax to produce movements in the
skeletal system.
D) Cardiac muscles contract to produce locomotion.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which is the correct organization of muscle tissue from largest
structure to smallest structure?
A) myocytes, myofibrils, sarcomeres, myofilaments
B) sarcomeres, myofilaments, muscle fibers, myocytes
C) myocytes, myofilaments, sarcomeres, myofibrils
D) myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcomeres, myocytes
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which is the correct organization of muscle tissue from largest
structure to smallest structure?
A) myocytes, myofibrils, sarcomeres, myofilaments
B) sarcomeres, myofilaments, muscle fibers, myocytes
C) myocytes, myofilaments, sarcomeres, myofibrils
D) myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcomeres, myocytes
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The Musculoskeletal System
The "molecular ratchet" during the sliding filament model refers to:
A) ATP binding to the myosin filament and destabilizing the myosin-actin
cross-bridge bond
B) myosin heads repeatedly binding to and releasing an actin filament
C) the simultaneous contraction of all the sarcomeres within a muscle
fiber
D) the actin filaments moving toward the Z-lines of each sarcomere
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The Musculoskeletal System
The "molecular ratchet" during the sliding filament model refers to:
A) ATP binding to the myosin filament and destabilizing the myosin-actin
cross-bridge bond
B) myosin heads repeatedly binding to and releasing an actin filament
C) the simultaneous contraction of all the sarcomeres within a muscle
fiber
D) the actin filaments moving toward the Z-lines of each sarcomere
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The Musculoskeletal System
Without the binding of ATP, which of the steps could not occur?
A) the myosin generates a cross-bridge with the actin
B) the myosin pulls the thin filament in the power stroke
C) the myosin head becomes high-energy in an extended position
D) the A-bands contract toward the I-bands and the sarcomere shortens
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The Musculoskeletal System
Without the binding of ATP, which of the steps could not occur?
A) the myosin generates a cross-bridge with the actin
B) the myosin pulls the thin filament in the power stroke
C) the myosin head becomes high-energy in an extended position
D) the A-bands contract toward the I-bands and the sarcomere shortens
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The Musculoskeletal System
During muscle contraction, which of the following occurs in the
sarcomere?
A) the A-bands extend
B) the A-bands shorten
C) the I-band shortens
D) the I-band extends
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The Musculoskeletal System
During muscle contraction, which of the following occurs in the
sarcomere?
A) the A-bands extend
B) the A-bands shorten
C) the I-band shortens
D) the I-band extends
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes how energy is consumed during
muscle contraction?
A) Myosin loses energy during the power stroke and requires ATP to
break the cross-bridge bond.
B) The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and
phosphate.
C) ATP hydrolysis enables the myosin head to detach from the actin
filament.
D) The myosin detaches from actin when Ca2+ binds to troponin.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes how energy is consumed during
muscle contraction?
A) Myosin loses energy during the power stroke and requires ATP to
break the cross-bridge bond.
B) The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and
phosphate.
C) ATP hydrolysis enables the myosin head to detach from the actin
filament.
D) The myosin detaches from actin when Ca2+ binds to troponin.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the molecular regulation of
muscle contraction?
A) Calcium activates troponin, which removes tropomyosin to allow
muscle contraction.
B) Tropomyosin regulates troponin by blocking the binding sites.
C) ATP activates troponin, which undergoes a conformation change and
enables cross-bridging.
D) Calcium ions trigger contraction by covering the active sites on the
actin filament.
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following describes the molecular regulation of
muscle contraction?
A) Calcium activates troponin, which removes tropomyosin to allow
muscle contraction.
B) Tropomyosin regulates troponin by blocking the binding sites.
C) ATP activates troponin, which undergoes a conformation change and
enables cross-bridging.
D) Calcium ions trigger contraction by covering the active sites on the
actin filament.
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The Musculoskeletal System
The excitation-contraction coupling converts which type of
stimulus to which response?
A) neurotransmitter stimulus to motor-end plate response
B) mechanical stimulus to action potential response
C) synaptic stimulus to neurotransmitter response
D) electrical stimulus to mechanical response
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The Musculoskeletal System
The excitation-contraction coupling converts which type of
stimulus to which response?
A) neurotransmitter stimulus to motor-end plate response
B) mechanical stimulus to action potential response
C) synaptic stimulus to neurotransmitter response
D) electrical stimulus to mechanical response
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following correctly lists the locations of the steps of
excitation-contraction coupling, from start to finish?
A) synaptic cleft, synaptic terminal, motor-end plate, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, myofibers
B) motor-end plate, synaptic cleft, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
myofibers
C) neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
synaptic cleft, myofibers
D) myofibers, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma, motor-end plate,
synaptic cleft
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The Musculoskeletal System
Which of the following correctly lists the locations of the steps of
excitation-contraction coupling, from start to finish?
A) synaptic cleft, synaptic terminal, motor-end plate, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, myofibers
B) motor-end plate, synaptic cleft, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
myofibers
C) neuromuscular junction, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
synaptic cleft, myofibers
D) myofibers, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma, motor-end plate,
synaptic cleft
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The Musculoskeletal System
When a person picks up a very light object, such as a paperclip,
which of the following occurs?
A) cross-bridges form in all myofibers
B) thick and thin filaments will not overlap at all
C) cross-bridges will only form if the sarcomeres are stretched
D) cross-bridges form in selected myofibers
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The Musculoskeletal System
When a person picks up a very light object, such as a paperclip,
which of the following occurs?
A) cross-bridges form in all myofibers
B) thick and thin filaments will not overlap at all
C) cross-bridges will only form if the sarcomeres are stretched
D) cross-bridges form in selected myofibers
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The Musculoskeletal System
Maximal tension in a muscle occurs when:
A) muscle has a small cross-sectional area of muscle fiber
B) all of these answers
C) thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest degree
D) a few motor neurons in the muscle are stimulated
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The Musculoskeletal System
Maximal tension in a muscle occurs when:
A) muscle has a small cross-sectional area of muscle fiber
B) all of these answers
C) thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest degree
D) a few motor neurons in the muscle are stimulated
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The Musculoskeletal System
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "musculoskeletal system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/musculoskeletal%20system
• Connexions. "Introduction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44783/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "Musculoskeletal System." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_System
• Wiktionary. "prosthesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosthesis
• Wiktionary. "arthritis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arthritis
• Connexions. "Types of Skeletal Systems." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Types of Skeletal Systems." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "exoskeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exoskeleton
• Wiktionary. "endoskeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endoskeleton
• Wiktionary. "peristalsis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peristalsis
• Wiktionary. "coelom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelom
• Connexions. "Types of Skeletal Systems." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "ossicle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle
• Wiktionary. "intervertebral disc." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervertebral+disc
• Wiktionary. "convex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/concave
• Wiktionary. "vertebral column." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vertebral+column
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The Musculoskeletal System
• Wikipedia. "axial skeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/axial%20skeleton
• Connexions. "Types of Skeletal Systems." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44781/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "articulate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/articulate
• Wiktionary. "scapula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scapula
• Wiktionary. "clavicle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clavicle
• Wiktionary. "appendicular." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appendicular
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "epiphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epiphysis
• Wiktionary. "trabecula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trabecula
• Wiktionary. "osteon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteon
• Wiktionary. "osteocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteocyte
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Bone Structure." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46281/latest/?collection=col11496/latest
• Wiktionary. "lacuna." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacuna
• Wiktionary. "endosteum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endosteum
• Wiktionary. "periosteum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periosteum
• Wiktionary. "canaliculus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canaliculus
• Wiktionary. "osteoprogenitor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteoprogenitor
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The Musculoskeletal System
• Wiktionary. "osteocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteocyte
• Wiktionary. "osteoclast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteoclast
• Wiktionary. "osteoblast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteoblast
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "osteoid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteoid
• Wiktionary. "diaphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaphysis
• Wiktionary. "chondrocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chondrocyte
• Wiktionary. "endochondral." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endochondral
• Connexions. "Bone Formation and Development." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46301/latest/
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "hypertrophy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypertrophy
• Wiktionary. "chondrocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chondrocyte
• Wiktionary. "ossification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossification
• Wiktionary. "periosteum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periosteum
• Wiktionary. "metaphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metaphysis
• Wiktionary. "medullary." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medullary
• Wiktionary. "epiphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epiphysis
• Wiktionary. "diaphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaphysis
• Connexions. "Bone." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44789/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
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The Musculoskeletal System
• Wiktionary. "spicule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spicule
• Wiktionary. "callus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/callus
• Wiktionary. "fibroblast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fibroblast
• Connexions. "Joints and Skeletal Movement." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Joints and Skeletal Movement." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Joints and Skeletal Movement." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "diarthrosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diarthrosis
• Wiktionary. "amphiarthrosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphiarthrosis
• Wiktionary. "synarthrosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synarthrosis
• Wiktionary. "synovial fluid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synovial+fluid
• Connexions. "Joints and Skeletal Movement." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "pronation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pronation
• Wiktionary. "supination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supination
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/abduction
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/adduction
• Connexions. "Joints and Skeletal Movement." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44786/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "ball-and-socket joint." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ball-and-socket+joint
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/condyloid-joint
• Wiktionary. "rheumatoid arthritis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rheumatoid+arthritis
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The Musculoskeletal System
• Wikipedia. "Myofibril." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibril
• Wikipedia. "Skeletal muscle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle
• Wikipedia. "Skeletal muscle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "myofibril." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myofibril
• Wiktionary. "myocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocyte
• Wiktionary. "sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomere
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "Sliding filament model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_filament_model
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• Wikipedia. "ATPase." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase
• Wiktionary. "troponin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troponin
• Wikipedia. "M-line." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-line
• Wikipedia. "sarcoplasmic reticulum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sarcoplasmic%20reticulum
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomere
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The Musculoskeletal System
• Wiktionary. "acetylcholine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetylcholine
• Wiktionary. "tropomyosin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tropomyosin
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "acetylcholinesterase." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetylcholinesterase
• Wiktionary. "sarcolemma." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcolemma
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/motor-end-plate
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "tension." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tension
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "Muscle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
• Connexions. "Muscle Contraction and Locomotion." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44788/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wikipedia. "Animal locomotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion
• Wikipedia. "intercalated disc." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercalated%20disc
• Wiktionary. "myosin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myosin
• Wiktionary. "actin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actin
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