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The Circulatory System > Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
• Structure of the Heart
• The Cardiac Cycle
• Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
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The Circulatory System > Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Structure of the Heart
• The heart is divided into four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles;
the atria receive blood, while the ventricles pump blood.
• The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas and the
coronary sinus; blood then moves to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the
lungs.
• The lungs re-oxygenate the blood and send it to the left atrium.
• Blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve; blood
is pumped out of the left ventricle to the aorta, which sends blood to the organs
and muscles of the body.
• The heart is composed of three layers: the epicardium (outer layer), the
Circulatory System
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myocardium (middle layer), and the endocardium (inner layer).
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The Circulatory System > Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
The Cardiac Cycle
• During the cardiac cycle, the heart contracts via systole, pushing blood out of the
heart, and relaxes via diastole, filling the heart with blood.
• Cardiomyocytes, or cardiac cells, are striated and are responsible for the pumping
of the heart; they are the only muscle cells with intercalated disks.
• The heart's internal pacemaker regulates and times the beating of the heart via
electrical signals.
• Electrical signals start at the SA node, causing atria contraction, and then move
on to AV node, delaying electrical impulses to allow blood from the atrium to fill
the ventricles.
Diastole and systole
• Signals move from the AV node to the bundle of His and then to the Prukinje
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fibers, which then allows the ventricles to contract.
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The Circulatory System > Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart; the main artery is the aorta.
• Smaller arteries called arterioles diverge into capillary beds, which contain 10-100
capillaries that branch among the cells and tissues of the body.
• Capillaries carry blood away from the body and exchange nutrients, waste, and
oxygen with tissues at the cellular level.
• Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart and drain blood from
organs and limbs.
• Capillaries have one layer of cells (the endothelial tunic or tunica intima) where
diffusion and exchange of materials takes place.
Major arteries and veins
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• Veins and arteries have two more tunics that surround the endothelium: the
middle tunica media is composed of smooth muscle that regulates blood flow,
while the outer tunica externa is connective tissue that supports blood vessels.
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Appendix
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The Circulatory System
Key terms
• aorta the largest artery in the human body which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs
• atrioventricular (AV) node part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart; electrically
connects atrial and ventricular chambers
• bundle of His specialized heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AV node in the heart to the muscle cells
of the heart wall, which contract in response producing the heart beat
• diastole relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers, between contractions, during which they fill with blood
• inferior vena cava large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart
• sinoatrial (SA) node impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of
normal sinus rhythm
• superior vena cava large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium of the heart
• systole rhythmic contraction of the heart, by which blood is driven through the arteries
• vasoconstriction constriction of a blood vessel
• vasodilation dilation of the blood vessels
• venule small vein, especially one that connects capillaries to a larger vein
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The Circulatory System
Human Heart
(a) The heart is primarily made of a thick muscle layer, called the myocardium, surrounded by membranes.One-way valves separate the four
chambers.(b) Blood vessels of the coronary system, including the coronary arteries and veins, keep the heart muscles oxygenated.
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The Circulatory System
Circulatory System
The mammalian circulatory system is divided into three circuits: the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit, and the coronary circuit.Blood is pumped from
veins of the systemic circuit into the right atrium of the heart, then into the right ventricle.Blood then enters the pulmonary circuit and is oxygenated by
the lungs.From the pulmonary circuit, blood re-enters the heart through the left atrium.From the left ventricle, blood re-enters the systemic circuit through
the aorta and is distributed to the rest of the body.The coronary circuit, which provides blood to the heart, is not shown.
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The Circulatory System
Cardiomyocytes
Cardiomyocytes are striated muscle cells found in cardiac tissue.
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The Circulatory System
Electrical signals
The beating of the heart is regulated by an electrical impulse that causes the characteristic reading of an ECG.The signal is initiated at the sinoatrial
valve.The signal then (a) spreads to the atria, causing them to contract.The signal is (b) delayed at the atrioventricular node before it is passed on to the
(c) heart apex.The delay allows the atria to relax before the (d) ventricles contract.The final part of the ECG cycle prepares the heart for the next beat.
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The Circulatory System
Diastole and systole
(a) During cardiac diastole, the heart muscle is relaxed and blood flows into the heart.(b) During atrial systole, the atria contract, pushing blood into the
ventricles.(c) During atrial diastole, the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart.
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The Circulatory System
Blood vessel layers
Arteries and veins consist of three layers: an outer tunica externa, a middle tunica media, and an inner tunica intima.Capillaries consist of a single layer
of epithelial cells, the endothelium tunic (tunica intima).
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The Circulatory System
Major arteries and veins
The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels.This diagram illustrates the major human arteries and veins
of the human body.
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The Circulatory System
Which of the following describes the difference between atria and
ventricles?
A) Ventricles receive blood, while atria pump blood.
B) Atria receive blood, while ventricles pump blood.
C) Atria pump oxygenated blood, while ventricles pump deoxygenated
blood.
D) There are three atria and only one ventricle.
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The Circulatory System
Which of the following describes the difference between atria and
ventricles?
A) Ventricles receive blood, while atria pump blood.
B) Atria receive blood, while ventricles pump blood.
C) Atria pump oxygenated blood, while ventricles pump deoxygenated
blood.
D) There are three atria and only one ventricle.
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The Circulatory System
Which of the following is true about the layers of the heart?
A) The epicardium makes up the bulk of the heart wall.
B) The myocardium surrounds and protects the heart.
C) The myocardium makes up the bulk of the heart wall.
D) The endocardium contains the pericardium.
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The Circulatory System
Which of the following is true about the layers of the heart?
A) The epicardium makes up the bulk of the heart wall.
B) The myocardium surrounds and protects the heart.
C) The myocardium makes up the bulk of the heart wall.
D) The endocardium contains the pericardium.
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The Circulatory System
The heart’s internal pacemaker beats by:
A) an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart
B) the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the sinoatrial node followed by
the atrioventricular node
C) the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular node
followed by the sinoatrial node
D) the action of the sinus
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The Circulatory System
The heart’s internal pacemaker beats by:
A) an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart
B) the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the sinoatrial node followed by
the atrioventricular node
C) the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular node
followed by the sinoatrial node
D) the action of the sinus
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The Circulatory System
The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for what action in the
heart?
A) venticular contraction
B) atrial contraction
C) signal delay
D) ventricular relaxation
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The Circulatory System
The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for what action in the
heart?
A) venticular contraction
B) atrial contraction
C) signal delay
D) ventricular relaxation
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The Circulatory System
During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is
________, and during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the
heart is ________.
A) relaxing; contracting
B) filling with blood; pumping blood out
C) beating; stopping
D) contracting; relaxing
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The Circulatory System
During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is
________, and during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the
heart is ________.
A) relaxing; contracting
B) filling with blood; pumping blood out
C) beating; stopping
D) contracting; relaxing
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The Circulatory System
How do capillaries differ from veins and arteries?
A) Capillaries do not carry blood.
B) Capillaries contain one tunic.
C) Capillaries contain three tunics.
D) Capillaries carry blood towards the heart.
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The Circulatory System
How do capillaries differ from veins and arteries?
A) Capillaries do not carry blood.
B) Capillaries contain one tunic.
C) Capillaries contain three tunics.
D) Capillaries carry blood towards the heart.
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The Circulatory System
How do arteries differ from veins?
A) Arteries have thinner smooth muscle layers and move blood by the
action of skeletal muscle.
B) Arteries have thicker smooth muscle layers to accommodate the
changes in pressure from the heart.
C) Arteries exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes with tissues in the
body.
D) Arteries contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the
ventricles.
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The Circulatory System
How do arteries differ from veins?
A) Arteries have thinner smooth muscle layers and move blood by the
action of skeletal muscle.
B) Arteries have thicker smooth muscle layers to accommodate the
changes in pressure from the heart.
C) Arteries exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes with tissues in the
body.
D) Arteries contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the
ventricles.
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The Circulatory System
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "inferior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inferior%20vena%20cava
• Wikipedia. "superior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superior%20vena%20cava
• Connexions. "Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44805/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44805/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aorta
• Wikipedia. "atrioventricular (AV) node." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atrioventricular%20(AV)%20node
• Wikipedia. "sinoatrial (SA) node." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sinoatrial%20(SA)%20node
• Connexions. "Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44805/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "bundle of His." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bundle+of+His
• Wiktionary. "diastole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diastole
• Wiktionary. "systole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systole
• Connexions. "Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m44805/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "venule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/venule
• Wiktionary. "vasoconstriction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasoconstriction
• Wiktionary. "vasodilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasodilation
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