Classification
Biological Species Concept
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Species: populations of organisms having
common characteristics and successfully breed
with each other
3 Domains from common
ancestry
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Domain Bacteria (Kingdom MoneraProkaryotes)
Domain Archaea (Kingdom MoneraProkaryotes)
Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdomsEukaryotes)
5 Kingdoms (6 ?)
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Monera ?
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Six Kingdoms
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Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were
composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria.
The Tree of Life Evolves
Changing Number of Kingdoms
Names of Kingdoms
Introduced
1700’s
Late 1800’s
1950’s
1990’s
Plantae
Plantae
Protista
Monera
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Animalia
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Taxonomy of the Gray Wolf
MARINE BIOLOGY
Microbial World
Primary Producers
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Starts with the producers (autotrophs)
 organisms that convert energy from the sun or
chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules
 2 methods
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Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera)
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Smallest and structurally simplest organisms.
Contain cell wall and cell membrane
No nucleus or most organelles
Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea
BACTERIA
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I.D. by shapes- spheres,
spirals and rods
Many are helpful in
breaking down waste
Detritus-dead
organic
matter
Decay
Bacteria break
down waste products
(detritus) and release
nutrients into environment
Cyanobacteria
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Photosynthetic
Once known as bluegreen algae
Also cause red tide
Archaea
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Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life
Live in extreme environments
Examples : Sulfur springs, Hydrothermal vents
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Chemosynthesis
Bacteria use inorganic compounds from within
the Earth to produce carbohydrates
Locations: thermal vents and hot springs
Possible beginning of life
Metabolism
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Autotrophs- make own organic compounds
Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic
matter through respiration (decomposers)aerobic and anaerobic
Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to
ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate
(used by primary producers)
Protist (Kingdom Protista)
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A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an
animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.
Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago.
Classified by how they obtain nutrition.
Animallike
Plantlike
Funguslike
Plantlike Protist
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Unicellular algae
photosynthetic pigments
Classify by the type of pigments they contain (green,
brown, or red-chloroplasts)
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae),
Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes
Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!)
Diatoms #1
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unicellular
frustule – glassy shell
The frustules contain
silica which cannot
decompose
Yellow/browncarotenoid pigments
Cold water primary
producers
Diatoms
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Cell wall forms “box
like” structure.
Many have spines or ribs
Reproduction
Dinoflagellates #2
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Unicellular w/ 2 flagella
50% photosynthetic
50% heterotrophs
Cell wall protected by
plates made of cellulose
Many are bioluminescent
Bioluminescence
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Flashlight fish
Dinoflagellates
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Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food
particles.
Reproduce by cell division
Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide
Red Tide
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During a “bloom” of
organisms the numbers are
so great that it turns the
water red.
Some species will release a
toxin that effects the nervous
systems of fishParalytic
Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
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PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a
toxin that is taken up by mollusks.
If eaten can cause paralysis or death
Fish kills
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saxitoxins
(neurotoxins from
dino’s causing
paralysis)
As bacteria decompose
the dead fish, more
oxygen is used up
causing more fish to die.
Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms
triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions
Zooxanthellae
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Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that
provide food for their host organism (symbiotic
with reef corals)
The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.
What type of relationship is this ?
Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, and
mollusks.
Euglenophytes #3
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Plant-like protists
They use two flagella for
movement
Does not have a cell wall
Do have a cell membrane
called a pellicle
Finds sunlight by the use of
a cluster of pigment known
as the eyespot
Chrysophytes #4
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Plantlike protists that contain gold colored
chloroplasts.
Reproduce asexually and sexually
Example: Yellow green algae
Star-shaped internal silica skeleton
Animal-like Protists
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Protozoa- “First animals”
(protozoans)
Heterotrophic and ingest
food like animals
Unicellular
Phyla based on how they
move
Zooflagellates, Forams,
Radiolarians, Ciliates,
Sarcondina
Zooflagellates #1
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Swim using flagella
Absorb food through
their cell membranes
Most reproduce
asexually- binary fission
Some sexually - meiosis
Foraminiferans #2
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Called forams
Shell called test
Chambers in the shell which get larger as it
grows
TEST is made of calcium carbonate
Contain pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm
used to trap diatoms for food
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians #3
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Shells are made of silica
and form sediments
(ooze) covering ocean
floor after settling
Most are microscopic
but can form colonies up
to 10 feet in length!
Ciliophora #4
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Ciliates
Named for cilia, hairlike
projections used for
movement.
Found in freshwater and
saltwater
Posses a thick outer
membrane, the pellicle, that
surrounds the cell membrane
that gives the Paramecium its
shape.
Nutrition of Paramecium
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The cilia move food into the oral groove which
leads to the gullet.
The food is forced into food vacuoles
Digestive enzymes break down the food
Undigested food is removed through the anus
Internal Anatomy of Paramecium
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Contain two nuclei
A large macronucleus that controls respiration,
protein synthesis, and digestion.
A small micronucleus that controls reproduction
and contains a reserve copy of genes.
Sarcondina #5
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Amoeba
Shape is constantly
changing due to flowing
cytoplasm
By pushing the plasma
membrane it is able to
form feetlike projections
to help it movepseudopodia
Nutrition of Amoeba
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Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called
phagocytosis to surround its food to form a
food vacuole.
The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats
algae and other protozoans.
Fungus-like Protists
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Multicellular (some unicellular)
Heterotrophs
Decompose detritus
Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
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Recycle organic
material
Cellular Slime Molds
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Live as free living cells
Form a slug-like colony that functions as one
organism.
Releases spores for reproduction
Acellular Slime Molds
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Begin as amoeba-like cells
Eventually fuse together to form plasmodia
These structures can grow to 10 feet in diameter
Plasmodium
Sporozoans
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Parasitic protists
Reproduce using sporozoites
A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives
as a parasite.
Diseases
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Malaria: Caused by a sporozoan Plasmodium
The sporozoan is carried in the saliva of the female
mosquito
The sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the
plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.
The red cells burst and release toxins into the
bloodstream
2 million people die each year from malaria.
More Diseases
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African sleeping sickness
Amebic dysentery
Giardia
Multicellular Plantlike
Protists
Red, Brown, and Green Algae
Red Algae
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Phylum Rhodophyta
Largest group of seaweeds
Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins- red pigment
Most multicellular
Chondrus crispus- Irish moss
Brown Algae
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Phylum Phaeophyta
Largest and most complex seaweeds
Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin- yellow/brown
pigment
Multicellular
Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders
Fucus- Rockweed
Sargassum
Kelp
Giant Kelp
Kelp
Kelp
Rockweed
Rockweed
Holdfast
Competition for space
Green Algae
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Phylum Chlorophyta
Cellulose in their cell walls
Chlorophyll a & b
Stores food as starch
Unicellular Green Algae
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Chlamydomonas
Lives in ponds, wet soil,
etc.
Colonial Green Algae
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Spirogyra
Sea lettuce- Ulva
Human uses of algae
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Seagrasses
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Horizontal stems called
rhizomes
Roots and shoots come
from stems
Pollen carried by water
currents instead of
insects
Halophytes-salt-tolerant
(salt marsh)
Mangroves
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Trees and shrubs that
live on tropical and
subtropical shores
Thick leaves to reduce
water loss
Seed germinate while still
attached to parent tree
Pencil shaped seedlings
that drop off
EXAM SLIDES
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