Protists I & II
Lab 4
BIOL 171
Remember!: Classification System
 Saving for next week. Yep.
We’ll be
looking at all
of these!
Ancestral
Eukaryote
Protists are
everywhere in
Eukarya!
“the junk
drawer of the
eukaryotes”
We’ll be
looking at all
of these!
Ancestral
Eukaryote
Protists are
everywhere in
Eukarya!
“the junk
drawer of the
eukaryotes”
6 Kingdoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plants (Plantae)
Animals (Animalia)
Fungi (Fungi)
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria
Protista
These are considered
“qualitative” terms—
not correct science
terminology.
A constantly changing system…
Linnaeus[5] Haeckel[6]
(1735)
(1866)
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms
Animalia
Vegetabilia
Chatton[7]
(1925)
2 groups
Animalia
Plantae
Eukaryote
Copeland[8] Whittaker[2] Woese [9][10]
(1938)
(1969)
(1977,1990)
4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains
Animalia
Animalia
Plantae
Plantae
Protoctista
(not
treated)
Protista
Prokaryote
Monera
Fungi
Eukarya
Protista
Monera
Archaea
Bacteria
Lab Study:Trichonympha
Excavata - Parabasalids
• Lives in the intestine of the termite
• Bacterial endosymbionts inside Trichonympha
digest cellulose
- Termite > Trichonympha > Spirochetes
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Place a couple of drops of Ringer’s solution on a clean slide.
Transfer a termite into the drop of solution.
Place slide under a dissecting microscope.
Place the tips of dissecting needles at either end of the termite and pull in
opposite directions.
Locate the long tube that is the termite’s intestine.
Place a cover slip over the specimen and lightly press down on coverslip to
release the Trichonympha from the intestines. Observe with a compound
microscope.
Lab Study A: Excavata - Euglenozoans Trypanosoma and red blood cells
Lab Study B: Alveolates
Dinoflagellates: mixed
dinoflagellates (live & wet
mount), and Peridinium (wet
mount) not in manual
Ciliates:
Paramecium caudatum – (wet
mount) in manual
Dinoflaggelates
Paramecium structures
Lab Study C: Stramenopiles
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) –
make wet mount
Also observe diatomaceous earth (the cell
wall deposits from diatoms) – make wet
mount and look at prepared slides
Diatom diversity
Diatom cell wall made of silica
Stramenopile flagella
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Living: Ectocarpus and Sphacelaria
Preserved: Fucus and Laminaria
Lab Study D: Rhizaria (different title from manual)
• Foraminiferans - prepared slides
• Radiolarians – prepared slides
Foraminiferans (forams) - prepared slides
Radiolarians - prepared slides
Amoebozoans…. Hang in there.
Lab Study E: Amoebozoans
Amoeba proteus
• Pseudopodia – temporary extensions of
amoeboid cells, function in moving and
engulfing food
Lab Study E (still): Slime Molds
(Mycetozoa)
• Protists which use spores to reproduce
• Heterotrophic – requires carbon in
organic form, cannot manufacture its own
• Feed using phagocytosis
• Suggests they descended from unicellular
amoeba-like organisms
• Two types: plasmodial and cellular (we
will be observing plasmodial type today)
Physarum (slime mold)
• Plasmodial stage – vegetative stage that consists of a
multinucleate mass of protoplasm (no cell walls), feeds on
bacteria as it creeps along the surface of moist logs or dead
leaves
• Fruiting bodies – reproductive structures that produce spores
Physarum (plasmodial stage)
Is slime mold smarter than Japan's
railway engineers? check it out!
Slime Mold Life Cycle
Think about…
•
•
•
•
•
•
Morphological characteristics
Ecology of the organism
How does the organism get around?
What role do they play in the ecosystem?
Do they have any economic value?
Where do they live?
• Don’t know the answer?? It’s probably a great
research question! Ask me about it.
Protists 2
Laboratory 4 (still)
BIOL 171
What is red algae?
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
Mostly multicellular
NOT plants
Most are aquatic
Lab Study F: Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
• Simplest is single-celled, but most have a macroscopic,
multicellular body form
• Autotrophic (photosynthetic)– manufactures its own organic
nutrients from inorganic carbon sources
• Contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments phycocyanin
and phycoerythrin
• Not all are red! Many green, black, even blue, depending on
the depth in the ocean they grow
Living Specimens
Porphyridium
Preserved specimens
Porphyra
coralline algae
Chondrus crispus
Porphyra life cycle
both sexual and asexual – alternation of generations!
Coralline algae – “living rock”
• Extremely important role in the ecology of coral
reefs: sea urchins, fish, and mollusks eat them
(herbivore enhancement).
• Create microhabitats that protect invertebrates
from predation.
• Cell walls composed of calcium carbonate – this
allows it to fossilize
• Economic importance: soil conditioners, food
additive for livestock, water filtration, medical
vermifuge (stopped late in 18th century),
preparation of dental bone implants
Economic Uses
• Agar – polysaccharide extracted from the cell
wall of red algae, used to grow bacteria and
fungi
• Carrageenan – extracted from red algae cell
walls, used to give the texture of thickness
and richness to foods such as dairy drinks and
soups.
• Porphyra (or nori) – seaweed wrappers for
sushi, billion-dollar industry!
Lab Study G: Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
• unicellular motile and non-motile, colonial,
filamentous, and multicellular – GREAT
DIVERSITY
• Live primarily in freshwater
• Share many characteristics with land plants
– Storage of starch, presence of chlorophylls
a and b, photosynthetic pathways, and
organic compounds called flavonoids
• Most botanists support the hypothesis that
plants evolved from green algae
Living Specimens
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Pediastrum
Closterium
Pandorina
Volvox
Daughter
colonies
Preserved Specimens
Ulva
Chara
Table 4: Representative Green Algae (pg. 72)
Name
Body Form
Spirogyra
Filamentous
Ulva
Leaf like
Chara
Branched
Chlamydomonas
Pandorina
Unicellular flagellate
Aggregate
Volvox
Colony (flagellate)
Pediastrum
Non-motile colony
Closterium
Non-motile single celled
Characteristics
Psychedelic slime mold video: