Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)
Status & Research Update
Lisa Becton, DVM, MS, DACVPM
Dir. Swine Health Info & Research
National Pork Board
PEDV status world-wide
• PEDV is currently active and considered endemic in different parts of the
world (China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam – Pacific rim
countries).
– Canada had first positive cases in January 2014
– Different strains identified in the U.K. (1970s) that did not appear as pathogenic as
the Chinese strains
– Other countries with cases: Germany, Spain, France, Mexico, Colombia; Ecuador,
Ukraine, Peru
• PEDV is considered to be a production disease.
• Primary management tools within the U.S. = focus on targeted
biosecurity efforts.
– Killed vaccines are approved for use in the U.S. (two currently approved).
AASV Case Reports
www.aasv.org
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal-health/secd
Courtesy of NAHLN
U.S. Swine Health Monitoring Project
http://www.cvm.umn.edu/sdec/SwineDiseases/pedv/index.htm
752 breeding sites
(20 systems)
2.1M sows
As of January 15, 2015
Research/Knowledge Update
Research for PEDV & PDCoV
2013
• ~$1 million for research
• Funded 14 projects
– Basics of disease
– Sow immunity (initial work)
– Foundation for biosecurity
• 2014
• ~$2 million for research
• Funded 35 projects
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Feed focus
Animal focus
Biosecurity validation
Disease monitoring
PEDV Research Priorities
Research Priorities – 2013:
• Basic Research of PEDV:
– Who - What - Where - When - Why - How…
– Diagnostic test development
– Basics of disease transmission and survivability
• Sow immunity: (project duration ~ 12 months)
• Duration of immunity
• Optimizing feedback protocols
• Diagnostic tests to assess sow and piglet immunity to PEDV
PEDV/PDCoV Research For 2014
Research priorities – 2014:
• Feed Focus:
– Risk assessment for feed as transmission source
– Intervention methods for feed (pelleting/additives)
– Post-processing time on virus
– Novel bioassay models
• Biosecurity Validation
• Animal Focus:
– PEDV immunity development
– PDCoV = pathogenicity & diagnostic test development
PEDV/PDCoV Research For 2015
• Hone in on more specifics of development,
duration and optimization of sow immunity
(based on 2013/2014 work)
• Feed interventions (based off of info from 2014)
• Novel vaccine administration technologies
Basics of virus survival - What have we learned?
Survivability of the virus
• PEDV can survive in many different
conditions:
– Pits; feed slurry; manure; water – fresh
and recycle; feed ingredients
– Survive in cold conditions
– Survivability in pits can be time
dependent
– PEDV + PCR found at 4 & 6 months
– PEDV bioassay only + for 4 month
Key Messages
• PEDV survives for extended time
in various substances =
clean/disinfect for best control
• For pit/manure management:
– Work at farms with longest time
since infection first, and farms most
recently infected last
• Communication x 10 with all
parties involved!!
Transportation - What have we learned?
Transportation management is
critical!!!
• Certain procedures for trucks can
kill the virus:
– 160˚F for 10 minutes kills PEDV
– 68˚F for 7 days kills PEDV
– Clean, disinfect and heat (see above)
can kill PEDV and other pathogens!
• Quaternary ammonium/gluteraldehyde
• Accel – hydrogen peroxide mix
• Others… (bleach; phenolics etc.)
Key Messages
• Prevent contamination as much as possible.
– Create a “Line of Separation”
– Keep clean and dirty equipment separate
– Avoid contamination of high risk areas
• Focus on removal of organic material for
effective cleaning and disinfection.
• Goal = reduce the virus load on equipment
Identify the “Line of Separation”
Examples of the Line of Separation
Feed/Feed Systems - What have we learned?
Feed management
– Takes a very small amount of
virus to infect pigs!
– Some potential products can
help to eliminate virus in feed
• Formaldehyde based; medium
chain fatty acids; essential oils
– Assessment of pelleting and heat
treatment may be effective for
point-in-time virus control
Immunity - What have we learned?
Immunity to the virus
• We now have many different diagnostic tools
to detect PEDV:
– Can detect the virus (PCR)
– Can detect exposure to the virus (ELISA or IFA)
– Can evaluate the level of immunity to the virus
(FFN, IFA)
• Basics of immunity:
– Gut immunity is needed for protection
– Piglets need to consume milk to be protected
against PEDV
– The response to PEDV can vary by sow and so can
protection passed to piglets
Immunity - What have we learned?
Immunity to the virus
• Sows do respond to feedback and
develop antibodies
– Oral exposure is best but exposure also
causes clinical illness
– Vaccines can help, but killed products may
not have enough foreign protein to stimulate
immunity
• Sow immunity:
– Immunity has been seen for at least 6-7
months
– Work being done on cross-protection and
some degree of protection may be
happening
– Will use results of these studies for
continuation of work for 2015*
Communication of Research Results
• Provide producers with “real-time” results
• Created a PEDV-specific site for all information
• Research updates available bi-weekly until project completion ; See
www.pork.org/PEDV for biweekly updates
How do we get better prepared for the “next
time”?
Emerging Diseases of Swine
• Examples of recent emerging diseases of concern:
– Porcine Circovirus Type 2b (China)
Tanja Opriessnig *, Chao-Ting Xiao, Priscilla F. Gerber, Patrick G. Halbur. Emergence of a novel
mutant PCV2b variant associated with clinical PCVAD in two vaccinated pig farms in the U.S.
concurrently infected with PPV2. Veterinary Microbiology 163 (2013) 177–183
– PEDV
Huang YW, Dickerman AW, Piñeyro P, Li L, Fang L, Kiehne R, Opriessnig T, Meng XJ. 2013. Origin,
evolution, and genotyping of emergent porcine epidemic diarrhea
virus strains in the United States. mBio 4(5):00737-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00737-13.
– Porcine kubovirus
Verma H, Mor SK, Abdel-Glil MY, Goyal, SM. 2013. Identification and molecular
characterization of porcine kubovirus in U.S. swine.
Virus Genes (2013) 46: 551-553 DOI 10.1007/s11262-013-0879-1
NPPC 2014 Resolution
• NPPC Forum Resolution 2014:
A proposed plan of coordination and program execution
for the US Swine Industry in the event of the
identification/introduction of any new economically
significant swine disease (defined as not currently
identified in the United States as of March 1, 2014).
This shall include all possible non-reportable diseases
which may afflict swine
Working on Our Preparedness
1. Response Plan
• NPPC is managing in 2015
• Coordinated state-federal-industry response
2. Swine Matrix Project = Identifying “What’s next?”
• AASV is managing in 2015
• Will need research and updating
3. Swine disease information sharing
• NPB is managing in 2015
• Swine Health and Information Center
Response Plan – NPPC Focus
• Working with industry and government partners to provide input
and guidance for an emerging disease response plan
• Outline clear responsibilities for all parties
• Have that available to all parties for use
• Have had several in-person meetings and document is becoming
finalized
Swine Disease Matrix project
• Identify “what’s next”?
– Use both US and global surveillance of literature, reports, other info for diseases
of potential interest
• Literature search on targeted diseases
– Identify basic knowledge gaps
– Focus resource deployment
• Develop a one pager on prioritized diseases
• Work with government partners (federal and state)
– Determine roles and outcomes –
– Define who handles data, confidentiality, disease control measures?
Key Points
• Focus on global production diseases
• Establish a mechanism for evaluating disease implications and
prioritizing threats
• Work towards recognizing and filling resource/knowledge gaps
• Establish a diagnostic/surveillance system that searches for the
introduction of emerging diseases
Expert Working Group
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Patrick Webb - NPB
Joe Connor - Practitioner
Doug MacDougald – Practitioner (Canada)
Kent Schwartz – ISU VDL
Eric Bush – USDA Epidemiologist
Dick Hesse – KSU Virologist
Jane Christopher-Henning – SDSU VDL
Mike McIntosh – USDA FADDL
Dermott Hayes – Ag Economist
Kurt Rossow – MN VDL
John Waddell – AASV SHC Chair
Harry Snelson – AASV
Mark Engle – WG Chair (unable to attend)
Swine Pathogen Matrix Project
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Diagnostics, Treatment, Prevention, Consequences
Pathogen
Porcine Circovirus Type 2b
yes
yes
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
yes
yes
yes
Porcine Deltacorona virus
Porcine Kubovirus
yes
yes
yes
low
high
med
low
high
high
med
high
low
low
Swine Health and Information Center
Mission
To protect and enhance the health of the US
swine herd through
• targeted research investments that minimize
the impact of future disease threats;
• collection and analysis of swine health data
• global disease monitoring.
Swine Health and Information Center
• Operations
– Work in synergy with the National Pork Board,
the National Pork Producers Council, and the
American Association of Swine Veterinarians
– Add to and not duplicate the capabilities of the
associations
• Location
– Virtual “Center”
Swine Health and Information Center
• Board of Directors
• Direction and oversight of programs
– Research Selection Task Force
– Endemic Swine Disease Task Force
– International Swine Disease Task Force
• Lifespan
– 5 year lifetime unless it is extended by
recommendation of the Center’s Board of
Directors and the approval by the NPB
Swine Health and Information Center
• Scope of Work:
Swine Disease Matrix project
Swine health data monitoring, management and analysis
for disease trends
• Priority Order:
Swine Health Monitoring Project
Emerging disease monitoring data
Production Animal Disease Risk Assessment Program
(PADRAP)
Secure Pork Supply database
Trade support
• USDA sanction of data is essential to fulfilling this function
Summary
• PEDV probably will not be the last emerging
disease the industry faces; therefore, an emerging
disease plan is essential!!
• As part of that plan, monitoring of global disease
issues is critical and includes pre-emptive plan for
key needs for disease Dx and management
• Cooperation and collaboration between all sectors
of industry and government is a must.
• Questions?
• lbecton@pork.org
• 515-223-2791
This message funded by America’s Pork Checkoff Program.