Survival in an
Evolving Threat
Landscape
David Hobbs
Director of Security Solutions
Emergency Response Team
DavidH@Radware.com
May 2013
Radware Confidential May 2013
Attacks on the us banks
Others 2012 popular attack patterns & trends
AGENDA
2012 Availability-based threats
Radware ERT Survey
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 3
2012 Attack Motivation - ERT Survey
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 4
2012 Target Trend - ERT Survey
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 5
Main Bottlenecks During DoS Attacks - ERT Survey
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 6
Attacks Campaigns Duration
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 7
Attack Duration Requires IT to Develop New Skills
War Room Skills Are Required
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 8
Attacks Traverses CDNs (Dynamic Object Attacks)
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 9
Attacks on the us banks
Others 2012 popular attack patterns & trends
AGENDA
2012 Availability-based threats
“Overview”
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What triggered the recent US attacks?
Who was involved in implementing the attacks and name of the operation?
How long were the attacks and how many attack vectors were involved?
How the attacks work and their effects.
How can we prepare ourselves in the future?
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 11
“What triggered the attacks on the US banks?”
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Nakoula Basseley Nakoula (Alias- “Sam Bacile”), an Egyption born US resident
created an anti Islam film.
Early September the publication of the ‘Innocence of Muslims’ film on YouTube
invokes demonstrations throughout the Muslim world.
The video was 14 minutes though a full length movie was released.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 12
“Protests generated by the movie”
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 13
The Cyber Response
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 14
“Who is the group behind the cyber response?”
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A hacker group called “Izz as-Din al-Qassam Cyber fighters”.
Izz as-Din al-Qassam was a famous Muslim preacher who was a leader in the
fight against the French, US and Zionist in the 1920’s and 1930’s.
The group claims not to be affiliated to any government or Anonymous.
This group claims to be independent, and it’s goal is to defend Islam.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 15
“Operation Ababil launched!”
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“Operation Ababil” is the codename of the operation launched on
Septembetr18th 2012, by the group “Izz as-Din al-Qassam Cyber fighters”
The attackers announced they would attack “American and Zionist targets”.
“Ababil” translates to “swallow” from Persian. Until today the US thinks the
Iranian government may be behind the operation.
The operations goal is to have “Youtube” remove the anti-muslim film from it’s
site. Until today the video has not been removed.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 16
“The attack campaign in 2 phases”
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The attack campaign was split into 2 phases, a pubic announcement was made
in each phase.
The attacks lasted 10 days, from the 18th until the 28th of September.
Phase 1 - Targets > NYSE, BOA, JP Morgan.
Phase 2 – Targets > Wells Fargo, US Banks, PNC.
New York Stock
Exchange
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 17
The Attack
Vectors and Tactics!
Slide 18
“Attack Vectors”
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5.
5 Attack vectors were seen by the ERT team during Operation Ababil.
UDP garbage flood.
TCP SYN flood.
Mobile LOIC (Apache killer version).
HTTP Request flood.
ICMP Reply flood. (*Unconfirmed but reported on).
*Note: Data is gathered by Radware as well as it’s partners.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
“UDP Garbage Flood”
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Targeted the DNS servers of the organizations, also HTTP.
Up to 1Gbps volume (Possibly higher).
All attacks were identical in content and in size (Packet structure).
UDP packets sent to port 53 and 80.
Customer attacked Sep 18th and on the 19th.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 20
“Tactics used in the UDP garbage flood”
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Internal DNS servers were targeted , at a high rate.
Web servers were also targeted, at a high rate.
Spoofed IP’s (But kept to just a few, this is unusual).
~ 1Gbps.
Lasted more than 7 hours initially but still continues...
Packet structure
Parameter
Value Port 53
Value Port 80
Packet size
1358 Bytes
Unknown
Value in Garbage
‘A’ (0x41) characters
repeated
“/http1”
(\x2f\x68\x74\x74\x70\x
31) - repetitive
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 21
“DNS Garbage flood packet extract”
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Some reports of a DNS reflective attack was underway seem to be incorrect.
The packets are considered “Malformed” DNS packets, no relevant DNS
header.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 22
“Attackers objective of the UDP Garbage flood”
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Saturate bandwidth.
Attack will pass through firewall, since port is open.
Saturate session tables/CPU resources on any state -full device, L4 routing
rules any router, FW session tables etc..
Returning ICMP type 3 further saturate upstream bandwidth.
All combined will lead to a DoS situation if bandwidth and infrastructure cannot
handle the volume or packet processing.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 23
“TCP SYN flood”
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Targeted Port 53, 80 and 443.
The rate was around 100Mbps with around 135K PPS.
This lasted from the Sep 18th for more than 3 days.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 24
“SYN flood Packet extract”
-All sources are spoofed.
-Multiple SYN packets to port 443.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 25
“Attackers objective of the TCP SYN floods”
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SYN floods are a well known attack vector.
Can be used to distract from more targeted attacks.
The effect of the SYN flood if it slips through can devastate state-full devices
quickly. This is done by filling up the session table.
All state-full device has some performance impact under such a flood.
Easy to implement.
Incorrect network architecture will quickly have issues.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 26
“Mobile LOIC (Apache killer version)”
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Mobile LOIC (Low Orbit Iron Cannon) is a DDoS tool written in HTML and
Javascript.
This DDoS Tool does an HTTP GET flood.
The tool is designed to do HTTP floods.
We have no statistics on the exact traffic of mobile LOIC.
*Suspected *Suspected
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 27
“Mobile LOIC in a web browser”
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 28
“HTTP Request Flood”
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Between 80K and 100K TPS (Transactions Per second)
Port 80
Followed the same patterns in the GET request (Except for the Input
parameter)
Dynamic user agent
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 29
“HTTP flood packet structure”
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Sources worldwide (True sources most likely hidden).
User agent duplicated.
Attack time was short (No confirmed timeline)
Rates are unknown.
Dynamic Input parameters.
GET Requests parameters
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 30
“HTTP flood packet parameters identified”
HTTP Request Samples
GET /financial-literacy/all-about-investing/etvs?2408b
GET /financial-literacy/all-about-investing/bonds?4d094
GET /inside-the-exchange/visiting?aad95
GET /
HTTP Request Samples
DoCoMo/2.0 SH902i (compatible; Y!J-SRD/1.0;
http://help.yahoo.co.jp/help/jp/search/indexing/indexing-27.html)
Googlebot/2.1 ( http://www.googlebot.com/bot.html)
IE/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR
1.1.4322;)
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.4b) Gecko/20030505 Mozilla Firebird/0.6
Opera/9.00 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en)
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1;)
msnbot-Products/1.0 (+http://search.msn.com/msnbot.htm)
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 31
“Identified locations of attacking IP’s”
Worldwide!
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 32
“Attackers objective of the HTTP flood”
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Bypass CDN services by randomizing the input parameter and user agents.
Because of the double user agent there was an flaw in the programming behind
the attacking tool.
Saturating and exhausting web server resources by keeping session table and
web server connection limits occupied.
The attack takes more resources to implement than non connection orientated
attacks like TCP SYN floods and UDP garbage floods. This is because of the
need to establish a connection.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 33
Unconfirmed Vectors of attack
Slide 34
“Unconfirmed attacks”
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The following 2 attack vectors were reported to us by our customers however
we have no data internally to indicate these attacks took place.
The data was either gathered through intelligence the customer had (IRC chat,
Forums etc..) or something they suspected and reported to Radware but never
provided logs for.
The 2 other vectors suspected are:
– ICMP Reply Flood.
– Dirt Jumper.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
“ICMP Reply flood”
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This attack was gathered through Cisco logs at the customers site.
We have no statistics on the attack.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 36
“ICMP Reply Flood explained”
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ICMP “Requests” (ICMP Type 8) are sent to the target in order to generate multiple ICMP
“Reply” (ICMP Type 0) packets.
This can also be from spoofed IP’s (Sent packets, ICMP Type 8).
This saturates bandwidth on the servers up/down stream as well as CPU processing to
process the ICMP packets and respond.
To do a replay flood you just spoof the SRC IP of the ICMP request.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 37
“Dirt Jumper”
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Dirt Jumper is a BOT currently at version 5.
Dirt jumper is used in various HTTP floods.
POST, GET and download floods are supported by the latest version of Dirt
Jumper.
User Agent and Referrer randomization are supported too.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 38
“Dirt Jumper C&C”
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 39
Attacks on the us banks
Others 2012 popular attack patterns & trends
AGENDA
2012 Availability-based threats
Availability-based Threats Tree
Availabilitybased Threats
Network Floods
(Volumetric)
Application
Floods
ICMP
Flood
Web
Flood
UPD
Flood
HTTPS
DNS
Low-and-Slow
Single-packet
DoS
SMTP
SYN
Flood
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 41
Asymmetric Attacks
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 42
HTTP Reflection Attack
Attacker
Website A
Website B
(Victim)
HTTP
GET
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 43
HTTP Reflection Attack Example
iframe, width=1, height=1
search.php
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 44
HTTPS – SSL Re Negotiation Attack
THC-SSL DoS
THC-SSL DOS was developed by a hacking group called The Hacker’s Choice (THC), as a proofof-concept to encourage vendors to patch a serious SSL vulnerability. THC-SSL-DOS, as with other
“low and slow” attacks, requires only a small number of packets to cause denial-of-service for a
fairly large server. It works by initiating a regular SSL handshake and then immediately requesting
for the renegotiation of the encryption key, constantly repeating this server resource-intensive
renegotiation request until all server resources have been exhausted.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 45
Low & Slow
Availabilitybased Threats
Network Floods
(Volumetric)
Application
Floods
ICMP
Flood
Web
Flood
UPD
Flood
HTTPS
DNS
Low-and-Slow
Single-packet
DoS
SMTP
SYN
Flood
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 46
Low & Slow
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Slowloris
Sockstress
R.U.D.Y.
Simultaneous Connection Saturation
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 47
R.U.D.Y (R-U-Dead-Yet)
R.U.D.Y. (R-U-Dead-Yet?)
R.U.D.Y. (R-U-Dead-Yet?) is a slow-rate HTTP POST (Layer 7) denial-of-service tool created by Raviv Raz and
named after the Children of Bodom album “Are You Dead Yet?” It achieves denial-of-service by using long form
field submissions. By injecting one byte of information into an application POST field at a time and then waiting,
R.U.D.Y. causes application threads to await the end of never-ending posts in order to perform processing (this
behavior is necessary in order to allow web servers to support users with slower connections). Since R.U.D.Y.
causes the target webserver to hang while waiting for the rest of an HTTP POST request, by initiating
simultaneous connections to the server the attacker is ultimately able to exhaust the server’s connection table and
create a denial-of-service condition.
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 48
Slowloris
Slowloris
Slowloris is a denial-of-service (DoS) tool developed by the grey hat hacker “RSnake” that causes DoS by using a very slow
HTTP request. By sending HTTP headers to the target site in tiny chunks as slow as possible (waiting to send the next tiny
chunk until just before the server would time out the request), the server is forced to continue to wait for the headers to
arrive. If enough connections are opened to the server in this fashion, it is quickly unable to handle legitimate requests.
Slowloris is cross-platform, except due to Windows’ ~130 simultaneous socket use limit, it is only effective from UNIX-based
systems which allow for more connections to be opened in parallel to a target server (although a GUI Python version of
Slowloris dubbed PyLoris was able to overcome this limiting factor on Windows).
Radware Confidential Jan 2012
Slide 49
DefensePipe Operation Flow
ISP
ERT with the customer
decide to divert the traffic
Volumetric
DDoS
attack
On-premise
AMS
that
blocks the
mitigates
the Internet
attack
pipe
Clean traffic
Defense Messaging
DefensePros
DefensePro
© Radware 2013
AppWall
Protected Online Services
Protected Organization
Sharing essential
information for
attack mitigation
DefensePipe
Scrubbing Center
Radware Security Products Portfolio
DefensePro
Network & Server attack prevention device
AppWall
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
APSolute Vision
Management and security reporting &
compliance
Slide 51
Thank You
www.radware.com
Radware Confidential Jan 2012