The 6 Kingdoms
How are Evolutionary Relationships
Determined?
 Structural similarities
 Breeding behavior
 Geographical distribution
 Biochemistry
 Chromosome analysis
Because these characteristics provide the
clues about how species evolved, they also
reveal the probable evolutionary
relationships of species.
Phylogenetic
Classification: Models
Species that share a common ancestor also share an
evolutionary history. The evolutionary history of a
species is its phylogeny. A classification system that
shows the evolutionary history of species is a
phylogenetic classification and reveals the evolutionary
relationships of species.
Types of models for phylogeny 1. Cladistics - scientists use a model called a cladogram
to show derived traits of organisms
2. Fanlike model - may reveal the time organisms became
extinct or the relative number of species in a group. May
incorporate fossil records.
The 6 Kingdoms
•
Archeabacteria
-
-
prokaryotes, organisms that lack
distinct nuclei bounded by a
membrane, are microscopic and
unicellular.
Live in extreme environments,
most of which are oxygen free
Contain cell walls
•
Eubacteria
- Prokaryotes like the
archaebacteria
- more than 10,000 species
- very strong cell walls
- live in most habitats
- most are harmless, and some
are even helpful
• Protists
- Most diverse kingdom - “the junk drawer”
kingdom
- eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems
and lives in moist environments
- Fossils exist from two billion years ago
- some are single celled, while others are
multicellular
- some are plantlike autotrophs, while others
are animal-like heterotrophs, and others are
fungus like heterotrophs
- some contain cell walls
• Fungi
- Eukaryotic
- either multicellular or unicellular that
absorbs nutrients from organic matter
- heterotrophs that do not move from
place to place
- first fossil records are about 400 million
years old
- there are more than 100,000 species of
fungus
- contain cell walls made of chitin
• Plants
- eukaryotes
- multicellular
- photosynthetic
- cells contain chloroplasts and have cell
walls made of cellulose
- plants contain tissues, organs, and organ
systems
- the oldest plant fossils are over 400
million years old
-there are more than 500,000 species of
plants
• Animals
- eukaryotes
- multicellular
- heterotrophic
- most can move from place to place
- contain no cell walls
- contain tissues, organs, and complex
organ systems
- first fossil record showed up 600 million
years ago