Special Needs Trusts
T. Michael Sullivan, Esq.
Definition of Special Needs
Special Needs: Of or relating to people who have specific needs, as
those associated with a disability. – The American Heritage Medical
Dictionary (revised 2nd ed. 2007).
Disability: (A) The inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity
by reason of any medically-determinable physical or mental
impairment that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted
or can be expected to last for a continued period of time of not less
than 12 months, or (B) blindness. 42 USC § 416(i)(1)
Substantial Gainful Activity: In 2012, the inability to earn $1,010 per
month if the person is disabled and $1,690 if the person is blind.
http://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/sga.html
Planning Options for the
Special Needs Person
1.
Families can distribute assets to the Special Needs Person
–
2.
Disinherit the Special Needs Person
–
3.
Assets may disqualify the person from receiving government benefits
What if government programs are reduced or do not provide or
eliminated?
Leave the property to another family member to provide for the
benefit of the Special Needs Person.
– Not a legally enforceable agreement, the other family member could
take the money and run
– A legal trust
4.
Establish a Special Needs Trust for the special needs person
–
Recommended to preserve eligibility for government benefit
programs
What is a Special Needs Trust?
A Special Needs Trust (SNT), often referred to as
a Supplemental Needs Trust, is a trust used to
protect the assets of those with special needs
and those wishing to provide for them while
simultaneously preserving the Special Needs
Person’s eligibility for governmental benefits
that pay for their basic needs of food, shelter
and medical care.
Types of SNTs
1. Self Settled
A.
Funded with the Special Needs Person’s own assets
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Personal Injury Settlement
Inheritance
Savings
Retroactive Disability Benefits Third Party Settled
Alimony
2. Third Party
A.
Funded with Assets not Attributed to the beneficiary
3. Pooled Trusts
A.
Funded with the assets of a Special Needs Person
4. Permissible Transfer Trusts under MassHealth
A.
Funded as a disqualifying transfer exception
Self Settled Trust
The assets in a Self Settled Trust are exempt under SSI and
MassHealth regulations as long as the trust adheres to the
following:
• The trust must be Irrevocable;
• The trust must be created by a parent, grandparent, legal
guardian or by court order; and
• The trust, must contain a MassHealth ‘Payback’ provision
– At the death of the Special Needs Person, any remaining assets
in the trust must be paid back to the Commonwealth up to the
amount equal to the total medical assistance provided for the
individual.
• See 42 USC § 1396p(d)(4)(A) and 42 USC § 1382B(c)
Third Party Trusts
• Most often created as part of a parents overall Estate
Plan
• May be funded through
– Wills
– Life Insurance Policy on the Parents Life
• ILITs
– Trust
• No ‘payback’ provision
• Remainder Beneficiary
• Trustee is given complete discretion in making
distributions to or for the benefit of the Special Needs
Person
Funding Third Party Trusts
Wills
• Wills
– Bequeath to Special Needs Trust
– Does not avoid probate
– Important to discuss with grandparents and other relatives
to make sure that assets are not left directly to Special
Needs Person.
– Sample Language
• If any property would otherwise be distributed to my___ whose
name is ___, my fiduciary shall not distribute the property to the
aforesaid individual but shall instead distribute to the acting
Trustee of The Jane Doe Special Needs Trust FBO_______ u/d/t
01/01/2001, to be held, administered, and distributed in
accordance with the terms of said special needs trust.
Funding Third Party Trusts
Life Insurance
• Pros:
– Guarantee a source of income after parent’s death
– Flexibility
– Do not have to give up control of assets
– Can be relatively inexpensive if purchased at a
young age
• Cons:
– Subject to Estate Tax (ILIT Exception)
– Does not fund trust until the insured’s life ends
Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts
•
•
•
•
•
Funded by life insurance, this instrument passes assets free from gift, estate, and
income taxes.
Donor makes annual gifts sufficient to pay premium and administrative expenses
Must be gifts of present interest to qualify for yearly $13,000 gift exception
therefore a trust beneficiary must have an immediate right to the gifted funds
which can be limited to thirty days “Crummey power.”
Beneficiaries normally do not exercise their Crummey powers and the premium
and administrative costs are paid for.
Could be set up to distribute during lifetime of the grantor
– A cash value policy could have a relatively small death benefit and higher
premium
– Could have a disability rider which would fund the trust for the settlor should
he suffer a long term disability
ILIT Caveat
IMPORTANT
• It is recommended that a Special Needs Person not be given withdrawal
rights if they are receiving means based benefits.
• The Social Security Administration will treat the trust beneficiary's failure
to exercise the withdrawal right either as a gift, or as income in the month
the premium payment is made to the trust and as a resource in the
following month.
• It will then impose a period of disqualification on the SSI beneficiary.
• Restricting the withdrawal rights to non-disabled beneficiaries is usually
sufficient for gift tax purposes or
• The gift can be credited against the donor's lifetime gift tax exclusion
($5,120,000 in 2012).
• Giving up the Crummey tax benefits is almost always preferable to the
trust beneficiary's loss of SSI benefits and likely MassHealth Benefits.
Pooled Trusts
•
•
•
•
Established and run by a Non-Profit Organization.
Separate Account for Each beneficiary.
Corpus not counted as an asset.
Account are pooled and invested and managed together in one
fund.
• Can be established for a Special Needs Person under or over the
age of 65.
• Upon the death of the beneficiary some of the remaining assets
may be retained by the trust, some are used to reimburse
MassHealth and any remaining funds after MassHealth has been
completely reimbursed may be distributed to a residual beneficiary.
http://www.familytrustofmass.org/ Family Trust of Massachusetts
http://planofma.org/ Plan of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
Permissible Transfers MassHealth
•
Created when a parent, in a nursing home, in an attempt to qualify for MassHealth
long term care, transfers their assets to a SNT for their Special Needs Person.
– Assets transferred into this type of trust will not create an ineligibility period.
– Must be for the sole benefit of the Special Needs Person.
– Must require the Trustee to use the fund in an actuarially sounds manner based upon the
special needs person’s life expectancy or
– Must contain a ‘payback’ provision
– Child can be any age.
•
Created when an individual in an attempt to qualify for MassHealth transfers to a
SNT.
– For the sole benefit of any person with special needs under the age of 65
– Must require the Trustee to use the fund in an actuarially sound manner based upon the
special needs child’s life expectancy or
– Must contain a ‘payback’ provision
130 CMR 520.019
http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/masshealth/regs-member/regs-memb-520.pdf
Trustee
A trust can be properly drafted and funded, but improper distribution by the
Trustee can still cause the loss of government benefits for the Special Needs
Person. It is crucial to choose a responsible and competent Trustee.
• SNTs should specifically direct the Trustee to use funds to supplement but
not replace the benefits of governmental support.
• Must prohibit the Trustee from making payments directly to special needs
person.
–
Cash distribution in excess of $20 per month will be counted as unearned
income and reduce the SSI benefit on a dollar-for–dollar basis
• Must expressly prohibit Trustee from using funds to pay for food or shelter
or for medical care paid by MassHealth.
–
Such a use of funds would be counted as in-kind support and reduce the SSI benefit by the
actual value of the item supplied or one-third of the federal benefit amount, plus $20
Choosing a Trustee
• Family Member
– Pro: Knows the Special Needs Person’s likes and dislikes, unique needs,
family and religious background
– Cons: May not be able to manage the assets properly. May
inadvertently make decisions that effect SSI and/or MassHealth
eligibility.
• Professional Trustees
– Pro: Understand how to handle assets in conjunction with SSI and
MassHealth rules and regulations. Expertise in dealing with tax issues
and investing strategies.
– Cons: Does not know Special Needs Person’s likes, dislikes, ect.;
Interested in managing the money more than providing for the
supplemental needs of the Special Need Person; Difficult to remove
from office (less difficult with MUTC)
– Letter of Intent
– Trust Advisor
Letter of Intent
– Suggest that your client provide a Trustee with a
letter of intent explaining the day to day activities
and needs of the Special Needs Person, the likes
and dislikes, and preferences.
Trust Advisor
• Often a family member
• Works with a professional trustee to enhance
the Special Needs Person’s quality of life by:
– taking the person on vacation;
– out to dinner; and
– advising the Professional Trust of the Individuals
like dislikes, etc.
Trust Protector
• A specific person appointed by the settlor to represent
their interests and intensions.
• Most often used to remove and appoint trustees.
• “The Protector shall have the right to remove any Trustee
of a trust under this Trust Agreement, whether that Trustee
is currently serving or named to serve in the future. If a
Trustee is removed by the Protector, any successor trustee
appointed by the removed Trustee shall not take office.
The Protector shall also have the right to appoint an
individual or corporation with fiduciary powers to replace
the removed Trustee or whenever the office of Trustee of a
trust become vacant.” Sebastian V. Grassi, Jr., A Practical
Guide to Estate Planning for a Family with a Special Needs
Child 106-107 (1st ed. 2009)
Removing a Trustee under MUTC
• The Massachusetts Uniform Trust Code signed into law July 8, 2012
changes prior law which only allowed removal of a Trustee for just cause.
• The settlor, a co-trustee or a beneficiary may request the court to remove
a trustee or a trustee may be removed by the court on its own initiative if
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Trustee has committed a Serious breach of trust;
There is a lack of cooperation among co-trustees that substantially impairs
trust administration;
There is persistent failure to administer the trust properly;
There is a substantial change of circumstances; or
Removal is requested by all beneficiaries and removal is in the best interest
of the beneficiaries and is not inconsistent with the material purpose of the
trust.
M.G.L. c. 203E, Article 7 § 706
See also M.G.L. c. 203E, Article 4 § 410-414 (Modification or Termination of
Trust)
Governmental Programs
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
• Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)
– http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/index.htm
• MassHealth or Medicaid
• Medicare
– http://www.medicare.gov/
• Subsidized Housing / Section 8
– http://www.massresources.org/section_8_housing_massachusetts_d.
html
• Transitional Aid to Families with Dependent Children (TAFDC)
– http://www.massresources.org/tafdc.html
• Kaleigh Mulligan Program
– http://www.massresources.org/kaileigh-mulligan.html
SSI
• Monthly stipend to meet basic needs of food and shelter
• Qualifying
– 65 Years of age or older or mentally disabled or blind
– Limited income and Less than $2,000 in resources
– Not working or working making less than $37, 685
• For threshold amounts in other states see
http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/wi/1619b.htm
– U.S. Citizen
• In Massachusetts qualifying for SSI automatically
qualifies the individual for MassHealth
• See http://www.ssa.gov/pgm/ssi.htm
SSDI
• Federal Program that pays benefits to people in
the work force who have become disabled and
their families based upon the amount of Social
Security Taxes they have paid on their earnings.
• Will automatically qualify for Medicare after
receiving SSDI benefits for more that 24 months.
• Must be unemployed or making below threshold.
MassHealth / Medicaid
• Federally and State funded health insurance program.
• Provides medical benefits for low and middle income individuals.
– Institutionalized Individuals
• Must pay all monthly income to institution with the exception of a personal needs
allowance of $72.80.
• MassHealth pays for 100% of the balance for room and board.
• If no income MassHealth pays 100% plus a $72.80 personal needs allowance.
– Community residents
• Those who reside in apartments, private homes and state funded group homes.
• Seven coverage types See MassHealth Member Booklet.
http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/masshealth/appforms/member-booklet.pdf
• MassHealth Standard
– SSI recipients automatically receive
– Pays for 100% of most medical services including hospital care, outpatient services, medical
equipment, doctor visits, mental health services, prescriptions, transportation, day programs
and residential care.
•
See http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/gov/departments/masshealth/
Medicare
• An Insurance Program
• Divided into three parts
– Part A Hospital Care
– Part B Physician and outpatient services
– Part C managed care program essentially a HMO
• To Qualify
– 65 plus, disabled as defined by Social Security Act, blind,
disabled child of a Medicare recipient whose disability
occurred before the age of 22 or have third stage kidney
disease.
– U.S. Citizen
– Worked at least 10 years
Section 8 Housing
• Rental Assistance for low income individuals,
families and high functioning Special Needs
Individuals.
• Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) pays the tenant the difference between
30% of their income and fair market rental value.
• To be eligible must have income not in excess of
80% of the areas median income.
• Two year look back when submitting an
application.
TAFDC
• Transitional Aid to Families with Dependent
Children.
• Government welfare program that gives financial
benefits and health insurance to families with
dependent children who struggled to meet the
basics needs of their children.
• Must live in Massachusetts and be U.S. Citizen.
see webpage
http://www.massresources.org/tafdc.html
Kaileigh Mulligan Home care Program
• Home care program for severely disabled children.
• Does not count assets or income of parents when
determining eligibility.
• Must meet disability standards.
• Must be under the age of 18.
• Require level of care equal to care provided in a hospital or
nursing facility.
• Be approved for home care.
• Have $2000 or less in countable assets.
• Have countable monthly income of $60 or less or meet a
deductible.
• See website http://www.massresources.org/kaileighmulligan.html
In Conclusion
• Nearly 54 million Americans cope with special needs
according to the National Organization on Disability (2007).
• 88 percent of parents who have children with special needs
have not set up a trust to preserve eligibility for benefit
such as Medicaid and SSI.
http://www.naela.org/Public/About_NAELA/Media/Aging_
and_Special_Needs_Statistics.aspx
• As Estate Planners it is our obligation to discuss Special
Needs Trusts with our clients, help them find ways to fund
these trusts through personal assets, third party assets or
products such a Life Insurance, and inform them of the
importance of choosing the right trustee.