Modul – 4
Sistem Telepon
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2 sks
Tim Bidang Studi
Telekomunikasi Multimedia
(Achmad Ansori, Devy Kuswidiastuti, Gatot Kusrahardjo, M Aries Purnomo)
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Telephony :
A form of telecommunication primarily intended for the exchange
of information in the form of speech.
NOTE – This is the definition given in the Constitution of the
International Telecommunication Union (Geneva, 1992)
(CS 1017) (RR No. S1.123).
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Telecommunication Network
TMN
Operations
system
Operations
system
Operations
system
Data communications network
Exchange
Transmission
system
Exchange
Transmission
system
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Workstation
Exchange
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User (CTE)
Access
Exchange
Transmission
TMN
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User (CTE)
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Access :
End-user connection(s) to core network.
(wireline, wireless, optical fiber)
NOTE 1 :
Core networks include, for example, PSTN, ISDN, PLMN, PSDN,
Internet, WAN/LAN, CATV, etc.
NOTE 2 :
The end-user may be a single user or a user accessing
the services on behalf of multiple users.
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Wireless access :
End-user radio connection(s) to core networks.
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Wireless access may be considered from many perspectives,
for example:
– Mobility capabilities of the terminal: fixed, nomadic (may be
used in different places but the terminal must be stationary
while in use), mobile, restricted mobility (e.g. within a single
cell), etc.
– Service support capabilities:
narrow-band, broadband, multimedia, etc.
– Type of telecommunication service: conversational, distribution,
information retrieval.
– Connectivity: (which would depend on the switched network
that the terminal accesses, e.g. Internet, PSTN, etc.).
– Radio transmission technology: access technique (TDMA,
CDMA, etc.), modulation technique (analogue, digital, etc.),
duplex technique (FDD, TDD, etc.), etc.
– Delivery mechanism: terrestrial, satellite, etc.
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PLMN : Public land mobile network
ISDN : Integrated services digital network
PSDN : Public switched data network
PSTN : Public switched telephone network
TDD : Time division duplex
TDMA : Time division multiple access
LAN : Local area network
WAN : Wide area network
CATV : Community antenna television
CDMA : Code division multiple access
FDD : Frequency duplex division
FDMA : Frequency division multiple access
BWA : Broadband wireless access
FWA : Fixed wireless access
MWA : Mobile wireless access
MWS : Multimedia wireless system(s)
NWA : Nomadic wireless access
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user
A
user
B
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Hubungan Mesh
N user
• Masing station
memerlukan line
sebanyak n-1 untuk
terhubung ke yang
lainnya.
• Total banyaknya Line
N=(1/2)n(n-1), n>>1
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Hubungan Star
S
• Jumlah line N=n, jauh
dapat mereduksi lines
pada Hub. Mesh
• Mampu menghemat
line cost
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Switching
The establishing, on demand, of an individual connection from
a desired inlet to a desired outlet within a set of inlets and
outlets for as long as is required for the transfer of information.
exchange (switching exchange, switching centre)
An aggregate of traffic carrying devices, switching stages,
controlling and signalling means at a network node that enables
subscriber lines and/or other telecommunication circuits to be
interconnected as required by individual users.
local exchange [local central office]
An exchange in which subscribers’ lines terminate.
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transit exchange
[tandem exchange, tandem central office, tandem office]
An exchange used primarily as a switching point for traffic
between other exchanges.
combined local/transit exchange
An exchange in which subscribers’ lines terminate that also is
used as a switching point for traffic between
other exchanges.
international exchange
A transit exchange where international circuits and, in general,
national circuits terminate.
digital exchange
An exchange that switches information in digital form through
its switching devices.
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Hubungan Tree
• Hubungan ini utk jaringan yang besar
• Rute yang langsung (direct route) disediakan
utk trafik besar, sebagai “backbone”
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Hubungan Bus dan Ring
Bus
Ring
• Bus dan Ring
digunakan untuk
komunikasi data
• Hubungan bus dan
Ring sering
digunakan untuk
LAN
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A network comprises a number of nodes (switching centres)
interconnected by circuit groups (engineering routes).
There may be several direct circuit groups between a pair of
nodes and these may be unidirectional or bothway.
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Objective of traffic routing :
The objective of routing is to establish a successful connection
between any two exchanges in the network.
The function of traffic routing is the selection of a particular
circuit group, for a given call attempt or traffic stream, at an
exchange in the network.
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Hierarchical Routing
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Operation of the international telephone service
The telephone service is operated :
– automatically;
– semi-automatically;
– manually.
It is strongly recommended that the service should be
provided on a fully automatic basis, and it should be
possible for users to reach one another by fully automatic
selection.
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Automatic operation :
In automatic operation, the user dials or keys the called number
and the call is established automatically without the assistance
of an operator.
To establish an international call in the automatic service,
the user shall select :
– the access code to the international network, which is fixed
according to national requirements;
– the telephone country code,
in accordance with ITU T Rec E.164
– the national (significant) number,
in accordance with ITU T Rec E.164
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telephone circuit (international or trunk circuits) :
1. The whole of the facilities whereby a direct connection is
made between two exchanges (manual or automatic) is
called a telephone circuit.
2. A circuit is called an international circuit when it directly
connects two international exchanges in two different countries.
3. The term trunk circuit is reserved for the designation of
exclusively national circuits.
Note :
The above definitions relate solely to the use of the terms in
operational procedures, no matter how the circuits are actually
made up.
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telecommunication network, telecommunication system
(United States of America) :
All the means of providing telecommunication services between
a number of locations where equipment provides access to these
services.
(telecommunication) terminal :
An equipment connected to a telecommunication network to
provide access to one or more specific services.
NOTE :
The term may be qualified to indicate the type of service or user, e.g.
“data terminal”, “subscriber’s terminal”.
subscriber’s line, subscriber loop :
A link between equipment in a subscriber's premises and the
telecommunication centre providing the required services.
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telephone call :
The interconnection of two telephone stations.
call request :
The first application made by the caller for a telephone call is
called the call request.
In automatic service, the operation of the dial (or key-set) by
the caller to obtain a call with his correspondent is comparable
to the call request.
Connection :
A temporary association of transmission channels or
telecommunication circuits, switching and other functional units
set up to provide for the transfer of information between two or
more points in a telecommunication network.
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call attempt (by a user) :
A single sequence of operations made by a user of a
telecommunication network trying to obtain the desired user,
terminal or service.
Call :
The establishment and use of a complete connection, following
a call attempt.
conversation (in telecommunication) :
An exchange of information between terminals.
The telephone service is a public telecommunication service
primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of
speech, whereby users can communicate directly and temporarily
between themselves in conversational mode.
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The development of digital switching, transmission and signalling
techniques, and their introduction into the public switched
telephone network (PSTN), and the evolution to the integrated
services digital network (ISDN), provides scope for network
based service features.
The range of supplementary services will depend on the signalling
capability in the network, and a number of other factors.
– Calling Line Identification Presentation;
– Calling Line Identification Restriction;
– Call Transfer;
– Closed User Group;
– Conference Call;
– Three-Party Service;
– Call Forwarding (Busy, No Reply, Unconditional, Call Deflection);
– Connected Line Identification Presentation;
– Connected Line Identification Restriction.
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