Bones & Joints
ACCESS HE
Human Biology
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Introduction
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Bones are connected to each other by connective tissue.
Where two bones meet a joint is formed.
Without joints the skeleton would not be able to move or have
very limited movement.
Fibrous connective tissue is used for immovable joints such is
the cranium.
Fibro-cartilage is used for semi-moveable joints such as the
vertebrae.
The most common joints are synovial joints and these hold
freely moveable joints together by a connective tissue called a
ligament.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Synovial joints
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Synovial joints have a fibrous capsule.
The fibrous capsule is lined with synovial
membrane which secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
Articular cartilage coats the ends of the
bones to protect against wear and tear by
reducing friction at the joint.
Extra ligaments may surround the outside of
the joint to provide extra strength.
Some joints also contain discs of cartilage to
maintain stability.
However, the main support to the joints is
provided by muscles.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Synovial joints.
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There are several types of synovial joints.
Ball and Socket.
Hinge.
Pivot.
Saddle.
Gliding.
Condyliod.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Planes of Movement.
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Flexion, (bones of joints brought towards
each other) and Extension, (straightening).
Abduction, (away from the body) and
Adduction (towards the body).
Rotation, (turning around), Pronation
(palms upwards) and Supination (palms
downwards).
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Ball and socket
Location
Movement
The hip and
shoulder joints
are an example
of ball and
socket joints.
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ball and
socket joint is one
of the most
mobile joints.
It allows
movement in
three planes:
Flexion and
Extension.
Abduction and
Adduction.
Rotation.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Hinge joint
Location
Examples of
the hinge joint
are the elbow
and the joints
of the
phalanges in
the foot and
hand.
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Movement
The hinge joint
allows movement
in one plane only:
Flexion and
Extension.
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Pivot joint
Location
Pivot joints
are located at
the joint
between the
radius and ulna
and in-between
the atlas and
axis (top two
vertebrae at
the base of the
skull).
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Movement
The pivot joint
allows movement
in one plane only:
Rotation,
Pronation and
Supination.
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Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Gliding joint
Location
The gliding
joint is found
in the foot,
between the
tarsals and in
the hand,
among the
carpals.
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Movement
Movement at the
gliding joint occurs as
two flat surfaces slide
over each other.
 In the hand, the
carpals will slide over
each to allow:
Flexion, extension and
radial or ulnar
deviation.
Likewise, in the foot,
the tarsals slide over
each other during
pronation
& supination.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
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Condyloid joint
Location
The condyloid
joint is found
at the knee
joint and where
the temporal
and mandible
bones meet.
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Movement
The condyloid
joint allows
primary movement
in mainly one
plane:
Flexion and
Extension with
small amounts
Rotation also.
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Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Saddle joint
Location
Movement
The
The
saddle
joint is only
found at the
site where the
carpal bone
meets the
metacarpal
bone of the
thumb.
saddle joint
allows two planes
of motion:
Flexion and
Extension.
Abduction and
adduction with a
small amount of
rotation also
allowed.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris
Terminology.
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Lamella: a thin layer.
Lacuna: a small cavity or depresssion.
Osteocyte: bone cell.
Concentric: circular.
Periosteum: hard outer shell of bone.
Circumferential: around the edge.
Trabecula: thin bars of bony tissue in
cancellous (spongy) bone.
Clare Hargreaves-Norris