WOW!
Look, Mommy!
I see a cool Army aviator!
Aerial Adjustment
Of
Artillery
CWO BLUME
Fire Support Instructor
Bldg 5911, Rm 325
Ph#: 255-9712 DSN: 558-9712
HOME: 334-792-6882
RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE)
• Food/Drink OK but keep the room & tables clean.
• Clean off maps.
• Break areas: Snacks, Latrines, Smoking
• If you are sleepy, do pushups!
• No Tobacco except on breaks
• Cells off or silent mode!
• Learn & Have fun!
Coffee ROE
1. Unplug pot when it is nearly empty.
2. Use stir sticks to stir coffee (not spoons).
3. Spoon in creamer can and with sugar.
No H1N1 zone.
Terminal Learning Objectives
• ACTION: Perform call for fire.
• CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student
handout.
• STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material
Must score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up
to 10. Failure will result in remedial training and
retest. Maximum score on retest is 70%.
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FM 6-20-10
The Targeting Process
FM 6-20-20
Fire Support at BN TF and Below
FM 6-30
Observed Fire
FM 6-50
The Field Artillery Cannon Battery
FM 101-5-1
Operational Terms and Graphics
ST 6-50-20
Battery XO Leaders Handbook
AMC-P 700-3-3 Complete Round Chart of Artillery
Ammunitions
Administrative Notes
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS:
NONE
RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL:
LOW
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:
NONE
EXAM: 33 questions covering all material. Must
score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up to 10.
Failure will result in remedial training and retest.
Maximum score on retest is 70%.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE A
ACTION: Select the six elements in a
standard call for fire.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a
student handout.
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all
material Must score 70% to achieve a GO;
can miss up to 10. Failure will result in
remedial training and retest. Maximum score
on retest is 70%.
Call for Fire
“A1H16 de A1H34, AF, k”
“Grid AC 634328, k”
“Sniper, in a concrete high rise,
Excaliber i/e, AMC, k”
FM 6-30 pg 4-7
CALL FOR FIRE
• LANGUAGE OF THE ARTILLERY
• STANDARD FORMAT
– 6 ELEMENTS
– 3 TRANSMISSIONS
Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
de = “this is”
K = “over”
i/e = “in effect”
i/o = “in the open”
i/a = “in adjustment”
1 = “1 round”
CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT
I - OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION
1
W - WARNING ORDER/METHOD OF
TARGET LOCATION
2 L - TARGET LOCATION
D - TARGET DESCRIPTION
3 M - METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT
M - METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL
I. Observer Identification
• FDC Callsign is “B1S40”
• Observer Callsign is “B1S30”
• “B1S40 de B1S30”
Use Phonetic Alphabet
II. Warning Order
a. Type of Mission:
(1) Adjust Fire
(2) Fire For Effect
(3) Suppress
(4) Immediate Suppression
(5) Immediate Smoke
FM 6-30 pg 4-1/2
Adjust Fire
• “S40 de S30, AF, K”
Fire for Effect
•“S40 de S30, FFE, K”
II. Warning Order
(Continued)
B. Method of Target Location:
(1) Grid (Default.)
(2) Polar (Include Observer location.)
(3) Shift KN PT/ TGT (Include name / #.)
FM 6-30 pg 4-2
II. Warning Order
(Continued)
Example Transmissions:
(1) “S40 de S30, AF, K”
(2) “S40 de S30, AF, Polar, (Observer
Location) AB 12345678, K”
(3) “S40 de S30, AF, Shift Known
Point 1, K”
FM 6-30 pg 4-2
CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT
• OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION
• WARNING ORDER/METHOD OF
TARGET LOCATION
• TARGET LOCATION
III. Target Location
Grid: “Grid AB123456, K”
Polar: “Dir 310°mag, Dis 3200m, K”
Shift: “Dir 170°, L190, +400, D45, K”
FM 6-30 pg 4-2
CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT
• OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION
• WARNING ORDER/METHOD OF
TARGET LOCATION
• TARGET LOCATION
• TARGET DESCRIPTION
IV. Target Description
(Last Mandatory CFF Element)
Word picture of the target:
•Type of Element
• # of Elements
•What is it doing
• Degree of protection
“Infantry Platoon, stationary, i/o, K”
FM 6-30 pg 4-3
IV. Target Description
(Last Mandatory CFF Element)
“Infantry Platoon, stationary, i/o, K”
“3 Tanks, Moving on road, i/o, K”
FM 6-30 pg 4-3
CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT
• OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION
• WARNING ORDER/METHOD OF
TARGET LOCATION
• TARGET LOCATION
• TARGET DESCRIPTION
• METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT
METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT
• DANGER CLOSE
– 600 meters for
mortars and
artillery
– 750 meters for 5” or
smaller naval fire
– 1000 meters for
greater than 5” less
than 16” naval fire
– 2000 meters for 16”
naval or MLRS fires
• MARK
• TRAJECTORY
– Low Angle
– High Angle
• AMMUNITION
• DISTRIBUTION
– BCS Sheaf
– Open
– Converged
– Linear
V. Method of Engagement
(Continued)
d. Trajectory:
(]) Low: Default.
(2) High: Once announced remains
in effect until cancelled.
“T-62 behind hill, High Angle, K”
FM 6-30 pg 4-4 / FM 3-09.30 pg 6-6
Low Angle
High Angle Fire
FM 6-30 pg 7-3 / FM 3-09.30 pg 9-8
V. Method of Engagement
(Continued)
e. Ammunition:
(1) In adjustment/In effect projectile (HE)
(2) In adjustment/In effect fuze (Q)(VT)
(3) Volume of fire in the FFE (1)
FM 6-30 pg 4-4 / FM 3-09.30 pg 6-6
Ammunition
Example Transmissions:
“2 Mi-24s fueling i/o, WP, 3 rds i/e, K”
“3 BMPs i/o, WP i/a, ICM i/e, K”
V. Method of Engagement
(Continued)
Distribution
BCS Sheaf:
BC Sheaf
FM 6-30 pg 4-4 / FM 3-09.30 pg 6-6
Open Sheaf
FM 6-30 pg 4-4, pg 5-7 fig 5-8 / FM 3-09.30 pg 6-6
Converged Sheaf
FM 6-30 pg 5-7
Linear Sheaf
OR TWO END POINTS
CENTER GRID
ATTITUDE
&
LENGTH
FM 6-30 pg 4-4 / Square to FM 6-20-20 pg 1-27
CALL FOR FIRE FORMAT
1
• OBSERVER IDENTIFICATION
• WARNING ORDER/METHOD OF TARGET
LOCATION
2
• TARGET LOCATION
3
• TARGET DESCRIPTION
• METHOD OF ENGAGEMENT
• METHOD OF FIRE AND
CONTROL
METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL
• AT MY COMMAND (AMC)
• CANNOT OBSERVE
• TIME ON TARGET (TOT)
• CONTINUOUS
ILLUMINATION
• COORDINATED
ILLUMINATION
• CONTINUOUS FIRE
• CEASE LOADING
• CHECK FIRING
VI. Method of Fire and Control
• Cease Loading:
– Routine.
– Target destroyed before all rounds
have been fired.
– Gunline fires rounds in the howitzer
and does not load anymore rounds.
VI. Method of Fire and Control
• Check Firing:
– Big Deal!
(-like calling MAYDAY!)
– All units on the net stop firing
immediately.
– Gunbunnies immediately move away
from howitzer, even if rounds are in
the tube.
METHOD OF FIRE AND CONTROL
AT MY COMMAND (AMC)
CANNOT OBSERVE
TIME ON TARGET (TOT)
CONTINUOUS ILLUMINATION
COORDINATED
ILLUMINATION
CONTINUOUS FIRE
CEASE LOADING
CHECK FIRING
• REPEAT
• FOLLOWED BY
• WHEN READY
(DEFAULT)
Sample Grid Mission
“H16 de H34, AF, k”
“Grid AC 634328, k”
“POL site i/o, WP i/e, AMC, k”
FM 6-30 pg 4-7
Sample Polar Plot Mission
1st Transmission:
“H16 de H34, AF, polar, AA12345678, k”
2nd Transmission:
“Dir 090° magnetic, Dis 3100, U40, k”
3rd Transmission:
“Infantry squad in the prone, ICM i/e, k”
FM 6-30 pg 4-8
Sample Shift Mission
“H16 de H34, AF, shift KN PT 1, k”
“DIR 010° mag, L 320, + 400, U 60, k”
“2 BMPs i/o, ICM i/e, k”
FM 6-30 pg 4-5
How many elements in a CFF?
6
How many transmissions and
elements per transmission?
3
and
2, 1, & 1-3
List the six elements.
I, W, L, D, M,M
What information is contained in each element?
> I : ID
> W: AF, FFE, Immediate Suppression, Immediate Smoke,
Suppression
Grid, Shift, Polar
> L: Location to match method in Warning Order
> D: Description. Incl #, size, activity, cover, etc
> M: Method of engagement. Danger close, Marking
> M: Method of Control. AMC, TOT, WR, Repeat, etc
Scrambled CFF
Given:
VT i/e, AF, F23 de G46,
grid AB 462374, at my command,
troops dug-in,
Answer: F23 de G46, AF, k
Grid AB 462374, k
Troops dug-in, VT i/e, AMC, k
Scrambled CFF
Given:
BMP with dismounts, FFE, ICM,
DIS 4600, polar, DIR 020° mag,
W18 de Z24, (obs loc) AB 12344321.
Answer:
W18 de Z24, FFE, polar, AB12344321, k
Dir 020° mag, Dis 4600, k
BMP with dismounts, ICM, k
Scrambled CFF
Given: AF, shift KN PT 3, R 400, ZSU 234 i/o, + 800, Dir 330°mag, ICM i/e, J33
de K42
Answer:
J33 de K42, AF, shift KN PT 3, k
Dir 330°mag, R 400, + 800, k
ZSU 23-4 i/o, ICM i/e, k
QUESTIONS?
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE B
ACTION: List the elements of the message to
observer (MTO).
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student
handout.
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material
Must score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up to 10.
Failure will result in remedial training and retest.
Maximum score on retest is 70%.
Message to Observer (MTO)
1. Unit to fire
2. Adjusting unit
3. Changes or additions to CFF
4. Number of rounds in FFE
5. TGT number
6. Additional information
FM 6-30 pg 4-6
Message to Observer (MTO)
1. Unit to fire
Delta
2. Adjusting unit
Tango
3. Changes or additions to CFF
VT i/e
4. Number of rounds in FFE
3
5. TGT number
AA7503
6. Additional information
TOF 62
FM 6-30 pg 4-6
Message to Observer (MTO)
Example Transmission:
“MTO, D, T, VT i/e, 4 rds,
TGT # AA7732, 34 secs, K”
OTHER INFORMATION
• READY
– Battery is laid and ready to fire
OTHER INFORMATION
• READY: Battery is laid and ready to fire
• SHOT
– Rounds are leaving the tubes
OTHER INFORMATION
• READY: Battery is laid and ready to fire
• SHOT: Rounds are leaving the tubes
• SPLASH
– XMITED 5 seconds before impact
OTHER INFORMATION
• READY: Battery is laid and ready to fire
• SHOT:
Rounds are leaving the tubes
• SPLASH: XMITED 5 seconds before impact
• ROUNDS COMPLETE
– FFE is complete
QUESTIONS?
Message to Observer (MTO)
1. Unit to fire
Delta
2. Adjusting unit
Tango
3. Changes or additions
to CFF
VT i/e
4. Number of rds in FFE
3
5. TGT number
AA7503
6. Additional information
TOF 62
FM 6-30 pg 4-6
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE C
ACTION: Determine subsequent corrections.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a
student handout
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all
material Must score 70% to achieve a GO;
can miss up to 10. Failure will result in
remedial training and retest. Maximum score
on retest is 70%.
SPOTTINGS
OT DIR
RANGE
CORRECT
RANGE
CORRECT
OV ER
DOUBTFUL
DOUBTFUL
SHO RT
LEFT
ON LINE
RIGHT
ADJUSTMENTS
TGT
Observer
ON LINE
AND
SHORT
ADJUSTMENTS
TGT
ON LINE AND OVER
Observer
ADJUSTMENTS
TGT
RANGE CORRECT AND
RIGHT
Observer
ADJUSTMENTS
TGT
RANGE CORRECT AND
LEFT
Observer
ADJUSTMENTS
TGT
TARGET
Observer
SPOTTING LINES
• FDC needs a spotting line to apply
observer corrections.
• Two types:
– Gun Target Line
– Observer Target Line
GUN - TARGET (GT) LINE
• Standard spotting line for aerial
observation.
• Azimuth drawn from guns to the
target.
• FDC will use this if observer
does not send a direction to
the target.
OBSERVER - TARGET (OT) LINE
• Azimuth drawn from the observer to the target.
• Allows observers to make corrections based on
how they see the rounds impact in relationship to
the target.
GUN - TARGET (GT) LINE
• Standard spotting line for aerial observation.
• Azimuth drawn from guns to the target.
• FDC will use this if observer does not send a
direction to the target.
OBSERVER - TARGET (OT) LINE
• Azimuth drawn from the observer to the
target.
• Allows observers to make corrections
based on how they see the rounds impact in
relationship to the target.
SPOTTING LINES
TGT
Observer
SPOTTING LINES
TGT
Observer
SPOTTING LINES
TGT
Observer
DETERMINING DIRECTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HEADING INDICATOR
COMPASS
MAP
ESTIMATE
Sun
Moon
Stars
Moss?
DIRECTION
• When must direction be sent to the FDC?
1. Initial CFF when doing a polar mission or
shift from known point.
2. First subsequent correction during a grid
mission.
3. Anytime direction changes more than 10
degrees or 100 mils.
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
Once direction has been determined, send
it to the FDC to the:
Nearest degree
- or -
magnetic;
Nearest 1 mil
- or the FDC will use the Gun-Target line.
=
360 degrees in a circle
6400 mils in a circle
Approximately 18 mils in a degree
The artillery prefers to use mils because they are a
more accurate form of measurement. They are more
accurate because they are a smaller increment.
One mil of angular deviation
Did you
know?
equals approx. one meter
of distance on the ground
at 1000 meters (1 KM).
Mil Relation Formula
Mils
The mil is used because of its accuracy and the mil relation
formula, which is based on the assumption that an angle of 1
mil will subtend an arc of 1 meter at a distance of 1,000 meters.
1m
1 Meter
1000 meters
2 Meters
3 Meters
2000 meters
3000 meters
Mil Relation Formula
Cardinal Directions
00 or 3600
0 or 6,400 MILS
3150 or 5,600 mils
N
NE
NW
2700 or 4,800 mils
W
E
SW
2250 or 4,000 mils
450 or 800 mils
900 or 1,600 mils
SE
S
1800 or 3,200 mils
1350 or 2,400 mils
Mil Relation Formula
W = R x m (mils)
The mil relation formula (W = R X m) has several applications in
observed fire procedures.
Determine the width of a lateral shift (W) from a known point to a new
target.
Determine deviation corrections in adjustment of fire procedures based
on deviation spotting in mils and OT distance factor.
Mil Relation Formula
W = R x mils
Target
W
Observer- Target (OT) Line
W = R X m, where
m
R
W = Lateral shift in meters (nearest 10 meters)
R = Range to target to the nearest 100 meters expressed
In thousands
m = angular deviation in mils (to nearest 1 mil)
Observer
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
DETERMINE MILS
Using Hand Measurement:
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
OBSERVER TARGET FACTOR
• Determine Range to Target.
• Divide Range by 1000.
• Round off to the nearest whole number.
– If the result is a .5, round to the nearest
whole even number.
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
OBSERVER TARGET FACTOR
Or,
Round to the nearest KM
Remember, ½ KM
rounds to the nearest even KM.
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
Round off to the nearest whole number.
Artillery Express = If the result is a .5, round to the
nearest whole even number.
•
•
•
•
•
2.2 =
5.5 =
4.4 =
4.6 =
8.5 =
2
6
4
5
8
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
Round off to the nearest whole number.
Artillery Express = If the result is a .5, round to the
nearest whole even number.
•
•
•
•
•
2.6 =
5.4 =
4.5 =
8.3 =
8.9 =
3
5
4
8
9
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
DETERMINE DEVIATION
N
TGT
3
FINGERS
5000
• Three fingers equals 100
mils.
• The target is 5000m
away.
• Range divided by 1000
gives an OT factor of 5.
meters
• W=Rxm
Observer
• 5 x 100 = 500.
• Therefore the deviation
is R 500 meters.
SUBSEQUENT CORRECTIONS
YOU DETERMINE DEVIATION
• Two fingers equals?
N
TGT
2
FINGERS
3400
meters
• 70 mils
• The target is how far away?
• 3400m away
• Range divided by 1000 gives
an OT factor of ?
• 3.4 = 3
• Then we do what?
Observer
• 3 x 70 = 210
• Therefore the deviation is?
• 210 meters
CORRECTION ACCURACIES
• DEVIATION - Nearest 10 meters (until within bursting
radius).
– Example: ROUND IMPACTS L125 -- R120
– Example: ROUND IMPACTS L30 -- No adjustment
needed.
CORRECTION ACCURACIES
RANGE - Nearest 100 meters.
No correction necessary if within 50 meters.
Example:
ROUND IMPACTS OVER 340-- D300
ROUND SHORT 70M -- A100 FFE, OVER
CORRECTION ACCURACIES
HEIGHT OF BURST - Nearest 5 meters.
If first spotting is a ground burst, the correction will be “UP 40”
– implies use of mechanical time fuse.
Aerial observer requiring an air burst should ask for fuse
variable time (VT).
CORRECTION ACCURACIES
• DEVIATION - Nearest 10 meters
(until within bursting radius).
– Example: ROUND IMPACTS L125 -- R120
– Example: ROUND IMPACTS L30 -- No adjustment needed.
• RANGE - Nearest 100 meters.
– No correction necessary if within 50 meters.
– Example: ROUND IMPACTS OVER 340-- D300
ROUND SHORT 70M -- A100 FFE, OVER
• HEIGHT OF BURST - Nearest 5 meters.
– If first spotting is a ground burst, the correction will be “UP 40” – implies use of
mechanical time fuse.
– Aerial observer requiring an air burst should ask for fuse variable time (VT).
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Initial Round Impacts
TGT
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Determine Direction
N
TGT
45 degrees magnetic
(800 mils) to the target.
Observer
Observer-Target
Line
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Distance to Target
N
TGT
Range is 2200 meters.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Deviation Correction
N
TGT
OT factor = 2200/1000 = 2.2 (2)
A fist is approximately 180 Mils
2 X 180 = 360
Observer
Therefore the deviation is 360
meters.
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Deviation Correction
N
TGT
The round impacted to the left
of the target.
The correction is “Right 360”.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Range Correction
N
TGT
Range error is
estimated at 120 meters.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Send One-Round Adjustment
N
TGT
What is the proper correction call?
H28 this is Y67,
Direction 045 Deg Mag,
Observer
Right 360, Add 100,
Fire for effect, over.
QUESTIONS?
LOST ROUND PROCEDURES
A round may be spotted as lost for a number of
reasons:
• The round was a dud.
• Terrain prevented you from seeing it.
• Weather prevented observation (fog for example).
• Enemy fire kept you from seeing it.
• You weren’t looking in the right place at the right
time.
• The FDC or gun line made an error.
LOST ROUND PROCEDURES
What should you do?
• Check your data (target location).
• Repeat with a smoke round. (Safer than moving round.)
• 200 meter air burst (better be careful aviator!!)
• Repeat.
• End the mission and start a new one.
Once you achieve the desired effects
on the target it’s time for the:
TERMINATION OF THE MISSION
1. RECORD AS TARGET (OPTIONAL)
2. END OF MISSION
3. BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA)
TERMINATION OF THE MISSION
USE “RREMS”
R
R
E
M
S
REFINEMENTS
“RECORD AS TARGET”
“END OF MISSION”
SURVEILLANCE (BDA)
TERMINATION OF THE MISSION
OBSERVER:
FDC:
RECORD AS TARGET,
END OF MISSION,
ESTIMATE 1 VEHICLE DESTROYED, 5 KIAS, OVER.
RECORD AS TARGET,
END OF MISSION,
ESTIMATE 1 VEHICLE DESTROYED, 5 KIAS,
TARGET # AB7031, PV 1234 5678, OVER.
OBSERVER:
TARGET # AB7031, PV 1234 5678, OUT
TERMINATION OF THE MISSION
OBSERVER:
END OF MISSION,
ESTIMATE 1 VEHICLE DESTROYED, 5 KIAS, OVER.
FDC:
END OF MISSION,
ESTIMATE 1 VEHICLE DESTROYED, 5 KIAS, OUT.
QUESTIONS?
REVIEW DAY 1
PE in SHO?
QUESTIONS?
AAA
Day 2
REVIEW DAY 1
PE in SHO?
QUESTIONS?
What is the default target line?
Gun-Target Line.
What target line is best for an aerial
observer when adjusting rounds?
Observer-Target Line.
W=Rxm
R = Observer-Target Factor
(OT factor)
m = Angle in mils.
The observed round appears to
be 160m beyond the target.
+ or - _____ m?
- 200
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Initial Round Impacts
TGT
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Determine Direction
N
TGT
Observer
Observer-Target
Line
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Distance to Target
N
TGT
Range is 2700 meters.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Deviation Correction
TGT
N
OT factor = 2700/1000 = 2.7 (3)
A fist is approximately 180 mils.
3 X 180 = 540 meters
Observer
Therefore the deviation is 540
meters.
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Deviation Correction
TGT
N
The round impacted to the
left of the target.
The correction is “Left 540”.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Estimate Range Correction
N
TGT
Range error is
estimated at 160 meters.
Observer
ONE ROUND ADJUSTMENT
Send One-Round Adjustment
N
TGT
H28 this is Y67,
Direction 039° Mag,
Left 540, Add 200,
Observer
Fire for effect, over.
QUESTIONS?
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE D
ACTION: Select the transmissions for a shift
from known point call for fire.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student
handout
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material
Must score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up to
10. Failure will result in remedial training and
retest. Maximum score on retest is 70%.
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
KNOWN POINTS must be “known” by
both the FDC and the observer.
They can be established by:
• Using terrain identifiable on a map and on the
ground.
• Using a laser or G/VLLD.
• Using a target location for which you have
had effects and for which the FDC has saved
firing data.
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
KNOWN DATA
Elevation 390 M
TARGET
# BA1005
Range to Target is 3500
meters
260 meters
300 meters
N
Heading indicator
shows direction to
target to be 90 degrees
magnetic
Elevation 330 M
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
M81 this is M82, adjust fire, shift BA1005, over.
Direction 090 deg mag, R 300, + 300, D 60, over.
Stationary SP Artillery, DPICM in effect, AMC, over.
TARGET #
BA1005
MTO, M, A, 2 ROUNDS, TGT # AB1050, 20 SECS, OVER.
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
First Round Impacts
N
TARGET
# BA1005
Direction 090°,
Range 3500 M
Adjusting Data
Direction ?
L/R ?
+/- ?
U/D ?
Command ?
Not necessary.
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
First Round Impacts
W=
= 120
W4 =X 30
R X
m M
TARGET
N
# BA1005
30
mils
Direction 090°,
Range 3500 M
Adjusting Data
Direction ?
L/R ?
No, no change
R 120
+/- ?
U/D ?
Command ?
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
First Round Impacts
Estimated Range is 3500.
4 x 30 = 120
Correction is:
TARGET
Right 120, drop 100.
# BA1005
80 meters
SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT
Fire for Effect
TARGET
# BA1005
M81 this is M82, right 120, drop 100, fire for effect, over.
In what way is a shift from a known point CFF
different from a grid CFF?
1. You must state “shift known point XXX” in
the warning order.
2. You must give OT line, deviation, range,
and height from the known point to the target
in the location (second transmission.)
QUESTIONS?
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE E
ACTION: Select the correct suppression mission.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student
handout
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material Must
score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up to 10.
Failure will result in remedial training and retest.
Maximum score on retest is 70%.
Type of Mission
(1) Suppress
(2) Immediate Suppression
(3) Immediate Smoke
FM 6-30 pg 4-1/2
SEAD
SUPPRESSION
Pre-Planned
SEAD
Time on Target (TOT)
On Call
SUPPRESSION – T O T
• SEAD along route of flight
• LZ preparation
• SEAD around LZ
SUPPRESSION
“M81 this is M82,
Suppress AB1234 over.”
Suppression missions are utilized against a
PLANNED target to limit the enemy’s ability to
operate for a specified period of time. You will
generally receive HE/VT or smoke.
IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION
IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION
“M81 this is M82,
Immediate Suppression,
PK123456, over.”
- To assist the friendly element in disengaging
from the enemy.
- Utilized against an UNPLANNED target.
- You will generally receive HE/VT.
IMMEDIATE SMOKE
“M81 this is M82,
Immediate Smoke,
PK 123456 over.”
IMMEDIATE SMOKE
• Employed against a planned or unplanned
target.
• Purpose: to suppress the enemy by obscuring
his vision for a short period of time.
• (Max Diameter = 150m)
QUESTIONS?
What is the purpose of
Immediate suppression/smoke
and suppression calls for fire?
To break contact and relocate
and/or continue your mission.
Immediate suppression/smoke is
preplanned. True or false?
False.
What are the two ways to execute a
preplanned suppression mission?
TOT or ON Call
You are unexpectedly engaged and forced to take
cover.
What call would you send to break contact and
continue your mission?
Arty de AVN,
Immediate suppression/smoke,
Grid AB 123456, K
You have planned a suppression
mission for a possible threat.
How would you call to execute
this mission?
Guns de Aviator,
Suppress, AB 1234, K
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE F
ACTION: Select the correct call for fire format
and make appropriate adjustments for a Danger
Close mission.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student
handout.
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material
Must score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up to 10.
Failure will result in remedial training and retest.
Maximum score on retest is 70%.
DANGER CLOSE
“Danger Close” is announced in the
method of engagement when rounds
will impact within certain distances
of friendly units.
DANGER CLOSE
• “Danger Close” is
announced in the method
of engagement.
• All howitzers will fire in
the adjustment phase of a
Danger Close mission.
• Danger Close criteria is
dependent on the weapon
system/munition that is
being employed.
• 600 meters for
mortars and artillery
• 750 meters for 5” or
smaller naval fire
• 1000 meters for
greater than 5” less
than 16” naval fire
• 2000 meters for 16”
naval or MLRS fires
DANGER CLOSE
• Creeping Fires are used in danger close
missions.
• Corrections should be made by creeping
the fires to the target by using corrections
of 100 meters or less if the rounds are
moving toward friendly locations.
• If correction moves the impact outside
of danger close range the observer should
announce “CANCEL DANGER CLOSE”.
DANGER CLOSE
M81 this is M22,
adjust fire, over.
PV 123 567, over.
Infantry Squad in the open,
Danger Close, AMC, over.
DANGER CLOSE
M81 this is M22,
135o degrees magnetic,
right 100, over.
DANGER CLOSE
Enemy has moved 25 meters
forward in it’s assault of our
friendly location.
M81 this is M22,
right 100, FFE, over.
DANGER CLOSE
M81 this is M22,
EOM, six KIAs, over.
DANGER CLOSE
• There are special considerations when
using improved conventional munitions in a
danger close mission.
• Start the adjustment at least 600 meters
from friendly troops.
• Pay particular attention to wind speed
and direction.
• Adjust with the entire battery, making
corrections based on the “near” edge of
the effects pattern.
CALL FOR FIRE
I THUNDER 35 de SABER 14,
W FFE k
L
PA 35642177
k
D
M
M
7 dismounts i/o
Danger Close, HE,
AT MY COMMAND k
FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRE
• A FPF is an immediately available preplanned
barrier of direct and indirect fire designed to
provide close protection to friendly positions.
• Each weapon should be adjusted into place.
• FPF is announced instead of a target description.
• Attitude and Danger Close are announced in the
method of engagement.
• Start adjusting with the FLANK piece impacting
CLOSEST to friendlies.
Final Protective Fire
OP
CALL FOR FIRE
I THUNDER 35 de SABER 14,
W FFE k
L
PA 35642177
k
D
M
M
Final Protective Fire,
Linear Sheaf, 130° mag, 600M, Danger Close,
AT MY COMMAND k
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE G
ACTION: Select the appropriate call for fire for a marking
round mission.
CONDITION: Given a classroom and a student handout.
STANDARD: 33 questions covering all material.
Must score 70% to achieve a GO; can miss up
to 10.
Failure will result in remedial training and retest.
Maximum score on retest is 70%.
MARKING ROUNDS
Used When Visibility is Poor,
on Deceptive Terrain, Unreliable maps
PRIMARILY
IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE EXECUTION
OF A CLOSE AIR SUPPORT MISSION
FSCL
FLOT
x
x
x
MARKING ROUNDS
First Transmission
Observer Identification:
M81 this is M82,
I
Warning Order:
FFE (or AF), over.
W
PK 495 197, over.
L
Description of the Target
(None given)
D
Method of Engagement
Marking round, WP,
M
Method of Fire and Control
At my command, over.
M
Second Transmission
Target Location:
Third Transmission
MARKING ROUNDS
MARKING ROUND
(HEXOCHLOROETHANE (HC) SMOKE)
Ground Burst
• UP 100
Canisters bouncing excessively
• UP 50
Canisters too spread out
• DOWN 50
MARKING ROUNDS
MARKING ROUND
(GROUND BURST ILLUMINATION)
•Height of burst corrections
sent to the nearest 50 meters.
•Determine DOWN correction
by measuring how far above
the ground the flare ignited.
QUESTIONS?
In a CFF, what is the correct description
for a marking round?
There is no target to describe.
In what element of the CFF do you announce
“mark or marking round?”
In the method of engagement.
QUESTIONS?
AAA
Day 3
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE H
ACTION: Determine the trigger point for a
close air support marking round mission.
CONDITION: Without the use of notes.
STANDARD: IAW FM 6-30.
MARKING ROUNDS
First Transmission
Observer Identification:
M81 this is M82,
I
Warning Order:
FFE (or AF), over.
W
PK 495 197, over.
L
Description of the Target
(None given)
D
Method of Engagement
Marking round, WP,
M
Method of Fire and Control
At my command, over.
M
Second Transmission
Target Location:
Third Transmission
CAS Execution
with Non- Joint Terminal Attack Controller
Personnel
• Air Force considers this Emergency CAS
• Units with a reasonable expectation to conduct
terminal attack control need to have certified
JTAC/Joint Forward Observer (JFO) available.
• In rare circumstances, the ground commander
might require CAS when no JTAC is available.
•
• Non-JTAC controllers must clearly state to
attacking aircraft that they are “non-JTAC
qualified.”
CAS Execution
with Non- Joint Terminal Attack Controller
• Ground personnel will:
– Identify themselves as “non-JTAC
qualified” on aircraft check-in.
– Make every effort to involve a qualified
JTAC / JFO in the situation.
– Provide as much of the 9-Line briefing as
possible.
– As a minimum, pass target elevation,
target location, target description, and
restrictions.
CAS Execution
with Non- Joint Terminal Attack Controller
Personnel
CAS Aircrew in this situation will:
– Make every effort to involve a qualified
JTAC / JFO in the situation.
– Be prepared to “PULL” information to
complete critical portions of the CAS briefing.
– Exercise vigilance with target identification,
weapons effects, and friendly location.
CONTACT POINT (CP)
• Contact Point (CP): The point at which
communications is established between the
CAS flight leader and the CAS controller.
• Initial communications established between
the aircraft and the JFO/Joint Terminal Air
Controller (JTAC).
• Pilot sends the CAS check-in Brief.
• Observer/JTAC sends the situational
update to pilot.
Example Check in brief.
AIRCRAFT:
(Cool Army Aviator) de Warthog
MSN # A157
2 A-10s
Currently located W of Faluja 14NM
Each Aircraft has 1 30mm gun and 4 MK84
2000lbs
We have approximately 20 min of playtime
Abort code-Aerosmith
Over
EXAMPLE Sit. Update
YOU:
There is no qualified J-TAC/JFO in area.
RPGs located around target.
Size: TGT is a small pick up truck with dismounts.
Activity: They are observing a green zone.
Location: TGT Location is MB 4018 8831.
Uniform: Civilian Attire.
Time: Time now.
Equipment: RPG, AK-47, Civilian vehicle.
Friendly units are 1 Kiowa circling vic grid MB 3914 9030.
Artillery will have shot one marking round before your arrival to the
target area.
3BCT commander has giving me approval for final clearance.
4 2000lbs.
No restrictions.
No Hazards, k
Determining Initial Point
• Initial Point (IP). The geographic location over
which the aircraft will loiter/hold awaiting
permission to start its timed run to the TGT.
• An effective and efficient method for selecting an
IP is to anchor the location of that IP off of the
target.
• When CAS aircraft are passed to a JTAC from a
contact point, the JTAC should immediately pass
target coordinates (precise if able) to those CAS
players
• Then anchor their initial point of the target with a
direction and distance.
Determining Initial Point (IP)
• The JTAC selects the IP based on
– enemy threat capabilities
– target orientation
– friendly location
– weather
– aircraft capabilities
–fire support coordination requirements
Keyhole Method
• Letters ABCD
represent NESW and
TGT
• Give direction and
distance
• Example
• A8 = North of target
8 NM.
Example Transmission
• JTAC: “Warthog 11, advise when ready to copy
target coordinates.”
• Aircraft: “Warthog 11, ready to copy.”
• JTAC: “Ten-digit grid to follow. NU 87138 50874,
elevation 1456.”
• Aircraft: “I copy NU 87138 50874, elevation 1456.”
• JTAC: “Warthog 11, proceed to Alpha 8, angels 15,
report established.”
• Aircraft: “Warthog 11, established Alpha 8, angels
15.”
Close Air Support 9-Line Briefing
• Do not transmit line numbers.
• Units of measure are standard unless
briefed.
• Lines 4, 6, and restrictions are
mandatory read back.
• JTAC may request additional read
back.
Example 9 line brief
AIRCRAFT: (CAA) de Death Stalker 6 XXXX X established.
YOU: Good Copy
YOU: Warthog 11 de (CAA)
“Type 2 Control no qualified JTAC or JFO”
1. IP/BP: XXXX X
2. Heading: XXX
3. Distance: X
4*. Target Elevation: XXX (In feet MSL)
5. Target Description: 1 small pickup truck w/ dismounts.
6*. Target Location: MB 4018 8831
7. Type Mark: Artillery WP
8. Location of Friendlies: W 2000m
9. “Egress: Back to IP
Remarks (as appropriate): 4 2000lbs
Arrival/Holding at Initial Point (IP)
• Observer/JTAC initiates the Marking Round
mission.
- They will receive the TOF in the MTO.
- Buildup time is standard.
• Ask the Pilot for the IP to Target run time.
• Calculate the time trigger to send command
“FIRE”
MARKING ROUND TIMING
IP
Target Area
120 SECONDS
RUN TIME
_
(BUILD UP TIME + TOF)
MARKING ROUND TIMING
IP
Target Area
120 SECONDS
RUN TIME
120 SEC
(from Pilot)
_
(BUILD UP TIME + TOF)
20 SEC
(WP)
20 SEC
(MTO)
MARKING ROUND TIMING
IP
Target Area
120 SECONDS
RUN TIME
_
(BUILD UP TIME + TOF)
BACK OFF TIME = 120 – ( 20 + 20) = 80 SEC
Trigger Point = 80 seconds
Send command “FIRE” to the FDC 80
seconds after aircraft reports “DEPARTING IP”.
Execution of CAS
• Clear the pilot to depart the IP.
• Start count down for the time trigger for the
command to “fire” when the pilot reports
departure.
• Send the command to “fire”.
• Observe the round impact.
Target Area
Orient the flight leader onto the TGT based upon the
location of the marking round by one of the following:
1. Direct the pilot to the marking round using clock
direction with the nose of the aircraft at 12 o’clock.
2. Direct the pilot from the marking round to the
target using cardinal directions and distance in
meters. (Cardinal directions are north, east, south,
west, northeast, northwest, etc.)
Mil Relation Formula
Cardinal Directions
00 or 3600
0 or 6,400 MILS
3150 or 5,600 mils
N
NE
NW
2700 or 4,800 mils
W
E
SW
2250 or 4,000 mils
450 or 800 mils
900 or 1,600 mils
SE
S
1800 or 3,200 mils
1350 or 2,400 mils
ORIENTATION TO THE TARGET
• CARDINAL DIRECTION/DISTANCE
12
Northeast
500 meters
Final Clearance
• Once Pilot has identified Target send
“CLEARED HOT”
• You can abort the mission any time before
ordinance is released by announcing "ABORT" or
the abort code sent in the 9-Line brief.
• Assess if target needs to be re-attacked
– If JTAC/JFO or Pilot feel target needs to be
re-attacked announce:
"CLEARED FOR RE-ATTACK".
QUESTIONS?
One of those days; just
going along minding my own business …….then
WHACK!!!
What times are required to compute a
trigger point for a CAS mission?
1. Aircraft run time.
2. Round TOF.
3. Build up time.
What is the formula for a CAS trigger point?
Run time - (TOF + Build up time) = Trigger point.
QUESTIONS?
CFFT PE
Map, pen, protractor.
Lamp on.