Chapter 16 The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 4 The Strain of War
Which do you feel is the most
important quality in a good leader?
A. Enthusiasm
B. Confidence
C. Courage
D. Decisiveness
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How did the events at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg change the course of
the war?
Battle of Fredericksburg
• After Antietam, Lee
retreated to Virginia
• General Burnside, marched
his troops toward the
Confederate capital at
Richmond
• Lee intercepted the troops
at Fredericksburg
• Lee moved to a hill and then
had trenches built so they
could fire down on the
enemy
• The army would be
protected
• December 13, 1862- Lee’s
entrenched forces easily
drove back the Union troops
• Burnside resigned and was
replaced by General Joseph
Hooker
After Fredericksburg
• May 1863- Lee split his
men in response to
Hooker doing the same
thing
• Even though Hooker
had twice as many men
• Some Confederate
troops stayed to defend
Fredericksburg, and
some confronted the
main Union forces at
Chancellorsville
• A third group, under
Stonewall Jackson,
caught the Union by
surprise
• Stonewall Jackson
marched around the
side of Hooker’s
position
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Suddenly, Jackson’s
army attacked the Union
forces at the rear
• At the same time, Lee
struck from the front
• The Union was
sandwiched between the
two Confederate forces
• Hooker withdrew his
men
• One of the Confederate
companies fired on
Stonewall Jackson’s
company by mistake
• Jackson was wounded
in the left arm
• Jackson’s arm had to be
amputated, and he died
a week later
Weak Union Generals
• The Union had 3 different
Generals in less than a year
• McClellan was reluctant to
engage the enemy
• Lincoln said “If McClellan
doesn’t want to use the
army, I’d like to borrow it for
a while”
• McClellan didn’t follow the
retreating Confederate
troops (Antietam) into
Virginia
• After McClellan was
Burnside (Loss at
Fredericksburg)
• Then Lincoln appointed
Joseph Hooker (Loss at
Chancellorsville)
• Hooker resigned within 2
months
• Major General George
Meade took command
African Americans in the War
• At first, neither side
allowed African
Americans to fight
• The North soon
relaxed its rules
• African Americans
made up 30% of the
South’s population
• Confederate leaders
feared African
Americans would
attack their fellow
troops
• Or begin a revolt
In the North
• The North needed more
soldiers, so Lincoln
allowed African
Americans to serve
• Congress allowed the
formation of all-African
American regiments
• Southern troops hated
the African American
troops and focused their
fiercest gunfire on African
American regiments
• By the end of the war,
they comprised about
10% of the Union army
• These men fought hard
and effectively
The 54th Massachusetts
• Best known African
American regiment
• 1863- Took part in the siege
of Fort Wagner in South
Carolina
• On the front lines
• Had nearly 300 casualties in
this regiment alone
• Nevertheless, the soldiers
bravely fought on
• The Union could not capture
the fort
• The 54th became famous for
the courage and sacrifice of
its members
Going to the North
• Spring 1863- The South had the
upper hand
• Union loss at Chancellorsville
ruined their plan for taking
Richmond
• Robert E. Lee decided to take
the war to the North to impress
Britain and France
• The South recalled the
Revolutionary War- Getting help
from the French
• France and Britain missed the
goods the South provided
(Mainly cotton)
• If the South could win here,
these nations might help
Battle of Gettysburg
• Confederates entered
Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania looking
for supplies
• General Lee hoped to
avoid fighting in an
unfamiliar area
• But the two sides
encountered one
another
• After 4 days of fighting,
the Confederates had
25,000 casualties and
the Union had 23,000
• The battle started at
5:30 A.M. on July 1
Battle of Gettysburg Continued
• The Union troops were
outnumbered and retreated to
Cemetery Ridge
• Reinforcements for both sides
arrived
• On the second day of fighting,
Southern generals tried to
remove Union forces from hills
called Round Top and Little
Round Top
• Union Troops under General
Meade held their positions
• That night Meade made the
decision not to retreat
• The next day Lee order an
attack designed to “create a
panic and virtually destroy the
[Union] army”
Results of Gettysburg
• The Confederates started by firing
nearly 140 cannons at Union lines
• The under General George
Pickett, 1000s of Confederates
attacked the Union’s center
position
• They advanced across open land
• At first, it seemed Pickett’s
Charge might work- the
Confederates broke the Union’s
first line
• In the end 75% of those that
charged were dead or wounded
• Gettysburg put an end to hopes
that Britain and France would help
The Vicksburg Siege
• July 4th, 1863- Lee
retreated from
Gettysburg
• Also on the same day
the important river city
of Vicksburg,
Mississippi, fell to the
Union under Grant
• In May, Grant began
the siege with 30,000
• Blockading it to
prevent food and
supplies from entering
• Then the Union
gunships on the river
supported Grants
77,000 troops by firing
1000s of mortar shells
into the city
Battle of Vicksburg
• 47 days- Both sides had
many casualties
• 9,000 Confederate/10,000
Union deaths
• Fewer than 20 civilians
were killed in the siege
• A few days later, the South
lost Port Hudson in
Louisiana- The last
stronghold on the
Mississippi
• The Anaconda Plan had
worked
• Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Texas were now cut off
• July 1863 was a major
turning point
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
• November 19, 1863Soldiers’ National Cemetery
was dedicated at Gettysburg
• Former Mass. Governor
Edward Everett delivered a
two-hour speech
• Then it was Lincoln’s turn
• Lincoln spoke for about 2
minute (272 words)
• Lincoln was able to honor
the soldiers and the cause,
as well as state his vision for
the country
• “These dead shall not have
died in vain”
• Government of the people,
by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from
the earth”
n
How did the events at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg change the course of
the war?
-Defeat at Gettysburg ended the
Confederates hopes for invading the
North
-Victory at Vicksburg allowed the
Union to divide the Southern states
and control the Mississippi
Chapter 16 Section 4 Quiz
General Stonewall Jackson was killed at
Chancellorsville by a fall from his horse.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
Lincoln replaced McClellan with
General Ambrose Burnside.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
The Union army was comprised of
mostly African American soldiers.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
The Gettysburg Address was given at a
ceremony to dedicate a cemetery.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
The 54th Massachusetts was an
all female regiment.
ls
e
50%
Fa
50%
Tr
ue
A. True
B. False
Which of the following did not
lead the Union forces?
A. George McClellan
B. Ambrose
Burnside
C. Joseph Hooker
D. Robert E. Lee
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General Lee hoped that a win in
the North might impress
A. France and Spain.
B. Spain and Britain.
C. Britain and
France.
D. Spain and
Germany.
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General Grant led a 47-day
siege against
A. Port Hudson,
Louisiana
B. Vicksburg,
Mississippi
C. Atlanta, Georgia
D. Mobile, Alabama
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By the end of the war, African American
volunteers made up nearly what percentage
of the Union army?
A. 20 percent
25% 25% 25% 25%
B. 10 percent
C. 100 percent
D. 50 percent
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President Lincoln’s address at what
battlefield helped war-weary Americans
focus on their shared ideals?
A. Vicksburg
25% 25% 25% 25%
B. Chancellorsville
C. Shiloh
D. Gettysburg
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