Tips on how best to
use enzymes in your
formulations
4/13/2015
2009-08016-01
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NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
CONTENT
Formulation advice
Test methodology and examples
Industrial applications
Summary
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Composition examples of household powder
detergents
Ingredient
Laundry Detergent
Dishwashing Detergent
5 - 18%
--
Nonionic Surfactants
2 - 8%
1-5%
Soap
1 - 5%
--
12 - 85%
32-90%
0 - 30%
3-15%
0 - 5%
5-10%
0.7 - 1.2%
1.0 - 1.5%
0.4 - 0.8%
0.2 - 0.5%
0.2 – 0.5%
1-1-5%
1-2%
Anionic Surfactants
Builders (zeolite, carbonates,
silicates)
Bleaches
(perborate/activator)
Polymers
Enzymes: protease
amylase
lipase
cellulase
Mannaway
Fillers (sodium sulfate)
0 - 20%
Water + others
to 100%
to 100%
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Composition examples of household liquid
detergents
Ingredient
Laundry Detergent
Prespotter
Anionic Surfactants
5 - 20%
0 - 5%
Nonionic Surfactants
3 - 15%
4 - 12%
Soap
0 - 12%
--
Coupling Agents (xylene
sulfonate)
0 - 5%
0 - 5%
Builders (citrate, carbonate)
2 - 8%
0 - 2%
Buffers (triethanolamine)
0 - 5%
Enzymes: protease
amylase
lipase
0.3 - 0.8%
0.2 - 0.6%
0.2 - 0.6%
0.2 - 0.6%
0.2 - 0.6%
0.4 - 0.6%
Enzyme Stabilizers
0 - 8%
0 - 8%
to 100%
to 100%
Water & other
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Formulation guidelines
Anionic surfactant system (charged
surfactants)
Negative influence on enzyme stability
AES = None > MES > AOS ³ LAS > Soap
Non-ionic surfactant system
AEO6 > NP12 > NP4 > None
Amides and Alkyl polyglucosides are ok
Recommendation
•
Preferably use non-ionic surfactants
•
Or use a combination of nonionic and
anionic surfactants
.
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Compatibility of enzymes with materials
found in typical detergent formulations
Materials
Enzymes
Proteases
May self-hydrolyse; other
have no effect
Anionic surfactants
Nonionic surfactants
Amylases
Cellulases
Need stabilizer when proteases present; otherwise ok in general
Best: AES, MES. Other: AOS and LAS tend to interact unfavorably with enzymes.
Ok in general.
Ok in general.
Cationic surfactants
High level may reduce
effect. Best if
anionic/nonionic ratio of
¼- ¾
Best if anionic/nonionic
ratio of ¼ - ¾
May decrease stability
Coupling agents /
hydrotrope
MPG best. Others ok in
General, SXS level low
Buffers (prefer pH <
9 in liquids)
Ok to use Borate, TEA or
MEA. Use <5%w TEA
Recommended Stabilizers
Borate, MPG, sodium
formate (low pH). Calcium
may help
Builders
Ok in general except for strong chelating agents (e.g.
EDTA, TKPP, NTA). Keep pH at 7 - 9 for optimal
stability
Preservatives
Lipases
MPG best. Others ok in
general
MPG best; others ok in
general
MPG best; others ok in
general
Keep pH at 7 - 9 for optimal stability.
Calcium (e.g. CaCl2) best.
Borate, MPG, or sodium
formate when protease
present.
Borate, MPG, or sodium
formate when protease
present
Borate, MPG, or sodium
formate when protease
present
Ok in general. Keep pH at 7 - 9 for optimal stability
Most ok (e.g. Proxel, Kathon, Dowicide, etc.) except formaldehyde
Bleach
Percarbonate or perborate ok to use in powders. Not recommended overall in liquids. Chlorine containing type not
recommended at all
Other Comments
Keep water content between 20 - 60% for optimal stability in liquids; keep powders from adsorbing moisture for
optimal stability (may use moisture barriers)
Recommendations are based on shelf-stability of enzymes in liquid formulations unless otherwise stated
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Factors influencing enzyme stability in a
liquid detergent
Water content
pH
Type and amount of enzyme stabilizers
Time
Temperature
Enzyme dose
Major components such as surfactants,
builders
 Other components in the reaction mix (e.g.,
preservative, bleach)







These factors interact and each enzyme has a
specific range of operating parameters for its
optimum performance.
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What does shelf stability mean?
STABILITY OF
INDIVIDUAL ENZYMES
IN A DETERGENT,
ESPECIALLY LIQUID
STABILITY OF
ENZYMES IN THE
PRESENCE OF
PROTEASE
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Enzyme stability depends upon conditions
1 year
1 hour
16 weeks
.
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Guidelines to improve enzyme stability in
formulations

Use stabilizers

CaCl2.2H2O to ~0.08 % w – protease and amylase stability

borate + mono propylene glycol – protease inhibitors

sodium formate – protease inhibitor especially at pH < 8

4-FPBA (4-formyl phenyl boronic acid) – protease inhibitor

Moderate the water content to 50-60% w

Lower the anionic surfactant content, especially LAS (AS)

Examine antagonistic detergent components (e.g. bleach, chelating agents)

Adjust pH to 9 or less , best if 7.5 to 8.5

Use the Novozymes’ Ultra proteases containing 4-FPBA

Alcohols/hydroxy groups stabilize proteases & facilitate solubilization of surfactants in water
phase



Propylene-glycol > Ethanol >> Sorbitol > None
Acetamide, glycine, maltodextrin may be added to improve enzymatic stability.
 Dosage: 0 - 5 % (w/w)
Not compatible: Glutamic acid (Phase sep.)
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4-FPBA - highly effective protease inhibitor
reference
REFERENCE:
INFORM 13 P.731
(2002)

Highly efficient protease inhibitor compared to
borax/propylene glycol combination

Since 4FPBA is already added to the liquid protease, added
stabilizers are not needed or are greatly reduced, with
minor formulation adjustments including lowering of pH

Cost-savings on added stabilizers

Good stability of protease and other enzymes in the
presence of a protease

Savinase® Ultra and Alcalase® Ultra are now available
Molecular structure of 4Formylphenyl Boronic Acid
(4FPBA)
H
H-O
B
H-O
C=O
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100
Residual Activity (%)
Residual Activity (%)
4-FPBA effect in typical US model detergent
(pH 7)
75
50
25
75
50
25
0
0
0
7
14
21
Savinase 16L
0
7
14
Days
Days
.
100
Savinase Ultra 16L
INCUBATION AT 30°C
No protease
Savinase 16L
Savinase Ultra 16L
21
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Stability of Savinase® at different pH values
US liquid base; residual activity after 8 weeks storage at 30°C
EFFECT OF 4-FPBA DECREASES WITH INCREASING PH
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Enzyme applications not approved due to
safety considerations
•
Carpet cleaners and
prespotters - household
and institutional
•
Hard surface cleaners
using high pressure
delivery system - may
generate breathable
aerosols
•
Laundry prespotters
using trigger sprays that
deliver aerosol particles
below 50 micron hence
can be breathed in
.
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Enzymes have multifunctional properties
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Boost the general cleaning
performance
Stain removal of organic
origin (detergency)
Soil release (particulate soil
removal)
Whitening (prevent soil
redeposition, help with film
removal)
Color Brightening (color
care)
Enzymes are high
performance ingredients
that can replace chemicals
in industrial production
Enzymes are readily
biodegradable
.
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IN SUMMARY
•
•
•
ENZYME OFFER HIGH
PERFORMANCE QUALITIES
ENZYMES ARE
ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY
INGREDIENTS
ENZYMES ENSURE LOWER
WASH TEMPERATURE
PERFORMANCE