ENSC 2192
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROGRAMMING
DATA vs. INFORMATION
DATA – a collection of facts relating to events that take
place. These facts could be in the form of numbers,
letters, special symbols or combination of these.
INFORMATION – data that has been organized and
processed so that it is meaningful. It is essential for
effective performance of management functions of
planning, organizing, directing, and controlling for
effective internal operations and external reporting.
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
The process of converting data into a useful and
meaningful information.
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE
1.) Defining the Problem
2.) Developing Software Requirements
3.) Designing the Program
4.) Coding the Program
5.) Checking out the program by Testing and Debugging
6.) Installing and Maintaining the Program
7.) Documentation
Program Elements &
Structure
Program Elements and Structure
1.)
Constants – Literal Value that does not change during
program execution. It can be of the numeric or string
type.
Numeric Constant - may be an integer (whole number) or a real
number (with a decimal place). It may be preceded by a positive
or negative sign.
Examples:
10
-28
+3.4
-0.413
0
201
Note: No other characters must or can appear together with the
constants. The following are examples of incorrect numeric
constants:
10,000
$14.3
10mi/hr
1/2
String Constant – A character or group of characters enclosed
in double quotation marks ( “ ). The numbers 0-9, letters a-z or
A-Z and all special characters like a space, % $ - _ & etc. may be
included.
Examples:
“A”
“Ace”
“.”
“1225”
“B & B”
Note: The entire string constant must always be enclosed in
double quotation marks, one before the first character and one
after the last character (no more no less). The following are
examples of incorrect string constants:
“Dia Mahaguay SMART” “Avenger
Assemble”
2.) Variables – Is a portion of the computer’s main memory used to
store a numeric or string constant. The value stored in
the variable must be given a unique variable name
but it can only hold one value at a
given time.
Variable names must conform to the following
requirements:
a.) Must contain only letters, numbers and/or an
underscore.
b.) Must begin with a letter.
c.) Must end either with a letter or a number.
d.) Must be unique that is, not a name of another variable.
e.) Must not be a keyword like ACCEPT, WHILE and the
like.
A variable may be one of the following types: Numeric, String,
Array
Note: Variable names are not case sensitive, that is, upper and
lower case letters are not differentiated. For example the
variable
TOTAL is the same as total. The following
are example of incorrect variable name:
Year code
10ctr
#5
Total=
3.) Expressions – is a group of program elements
consisting of operands and operators. Operands can be a
constant, variable, and or an array element. Operators can
be arithmetic, logical, relational and/or string.
Expressions always yield a value of a certain type
depending on the type of expressions used.
Arithmetic Expressions
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators
1.) Expressions in parenthesis
2.) * / %
3.) + -
Examples:
1.)
10 + 4 * 8
32
42
2.)
50 % 6 – 5
2
-3
3.)
(20 / 4) * 9
5
45
String Expressions
Examples:
1.) “3” + “4” = “34”
2.) “Ja ” + “red” = ”Jared”
Examples of incorrect usage of the + operator:
“3” + 4
100 + “Peso”
Relational Expressions
Greater than
Less than
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Not equal
Is equal to
>
<
>=
<=
!=
==
Examples:
Ctr1 > 10
3 <= 5
Temp1 != Temp2
Examples of incorrect Relational Expressions:
30 <= X <= 40
43 >
< 50
Logical Expressions
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
Expressions in parenthesis
Not (!)
And (&&)
Or (||)
TRUTH TABLE FOR NOT(!)
X
FALSE
TRUE
!X
TRUE
FALSE
TRUTH TABLE FOR AND(&&)
X
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
Y
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
X && Y
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUTH TABLE FOR OR(||)
X
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
Y
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
X || Y
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
Examples:
15 >= 10 && 15 <= 20
T
&&
T
T
4.)
Statements – are keywords, which perform which a
predefined procedure. The following statements
are available:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
DISPLAY Statement
ACCEPT Statement
IF Statement
WHILE Statement
FOR Statement
Exercises:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
13.)
14.)
15.)
11 % 2 + 3 * 7 –2
100 % 5 % 3 % 2
– (45 / 9) * 6 + 4
(5 + 7) % (10 * 2 – 5) / (15 – (8 – 6 % 4))
(8 + 21 % (18 – 5 * 3)) % (17 – (6 + 13 % 5))
(12 == 12 % 2 * 2) && !(( 5 > 3) && (8<3))
(6 > 3) && (8 != 8) || !(10 <= 10)
15 / 3 == 15 % 3
5 != 11 / 2
Number of enrollees exceeded 5,000 students.
HEIGHT is at least 170 cm.
REVENUE is at most 80% of SALES.
X is either 6, 8 , or 10
X is any number except 1, 2, and 3.
X is between 100 and 200.
SEATWORK
Check if Valid (V) or Invalid (I)
1.
Numeric Constant:
“0.12345”
2. String Constant:
HELLO_TRISHA
3. Arithmetic Expression: (45.9)%(5*2%3)
4. Variable Name:
_J_A_R_E_D
5. Relational Expression:
(5<=2*2) =10+1
6. Logical Expression:
(!(!(!(F&&T))))
7. Variable Name:
G10R3N
8. String Constant:
“*&****hello##”
9. Numeric Constant:
1,000,000.98
10. Logical Expression:
(!T&&!F)||(!F)
Evaluate the Following expressions:
1. 12 % 6 + (2 + 12 * 3) – ( 12 % 13)
2. (10 / 3 + (16 + 3) )– ((5 * 2 % 10) + 2)
3. (T || F) && (!(!F && (6 > 8) || (5< 10) || F) || !T)
4. (T || !F) || (!(!(!F || (3 < 15) || F) || !F) && T)
5. !(!T && !F) || (!T || (12 <= 12) || (T && F)|| F)
FLOWCHARTS
- A graphic form of an algorithm.
- A diagram of a sequence of steps that a program
must perform to produce the desired output.
- Traditional tool of programmers which allow
flexibility in terms of detail to be included.
TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS
1.) System Flowchart – present the total picture
without worrying about taking care of every detail.
2.) Program Flowcharts – depicts a main segment
of a complete computer program.
FLOWCHARTING GUIDELINES
1.) Always use the ANSI standard symbols.
2.) Construct your flowcharts to read from top to
bottom and left to right.
3.) Do not crisscross flowlines (used labeled connectors
and use arrowheads to indicate direction of the flow.
4.) Make the messages and labels in the flowchart symbol
direct and descriptive.
5.) Strive for neatness, clarity and simplicity.
BASIC FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS
Terminal Symbol
Preparation Symbol
Processing Symbol
Decision Symbol
Input/Output Symbol
Predefined Process Symbol
Onpage Connector
Offpage Connector
Flow Direction Lines
Punched Card
Magnetic Tape
Online Storage
Document Printout
Sequential Program
Structure
For Flowchart, symbols used are the following:
Terminal symbol
I/O symbol
Preparation symbol
Direction lines
For Pseudocode, keywords used are the
following:
1.) Accept
Syntax: Accept <variable>
Accept <variable1>, …, <variableN>
2.) Display
Syntax: Display “<string>”
Display <variable>
Display <variable1>, …, <variableN>
Sequential structure
#1] Input a temperature in Celsius and
output the corresponding temperature
in Fahrenheit. The formula is a follows:
Fahrenheit = 9 (Celsius) + 32
5
Flowchart
Start
F=0
Input C
Pseudocode
Variables Used:
F, C
are numeric
Begin
F = 0
Display ” Input temperature in Celsius: ”
F = (9.0/5.0) * C + 32
Accept C
F = (9.0 / 5.0) * C + 32
Output F
Display “Equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit:”, F
End
End
Sequential structure
#2] Pepperoni++ Pizza House charges 10%
service charge and 5% sales tax on the gross
bill of the customer. Create a flowchart and
a pseudocode that would input the gross bill
of the customer and the amount given by the
customer to the waiter. It must output the
customer’s total bill and change (if there’s
any).
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Start
TBill = 0
change = 0
Variables Used:
GBill, Amt, change, TBill are numeric
Begin
TBill = 0
change = 0
Display ” Input Gross Bill and Amount Given: ”
Input GBill, Amt
Accept GBill, Amt
TBill = Gbill + Gbill *0.1 + Gbill * 0.05
change = Amt - TBill
Output TBill, change
TBill = GBill + GBill * 0.1 + GBill * 0.05
change = Amt - TBill
Display “Total Bill = ”, Tbill
Display “Change = ”, change
End
End
Sequential structure
#3] Ten young men agreed to purchase a gift
worth Php 10,000.00 for their idol: Jessica
Sanchez. In addition, they agreed to continue
with their plan even if at least one of them drop
out. Create a flowchart a pseudocode that would
input the number of men who dropped out
(assume 0 to 9 only) and output how much more
will each have to contribute toward the purchase
of the gift.
Flowchart
Pseudocode
Start
Variables Used:
AC = 0
DO, AC are numeric
Begin
AC = 0
Input DO
Display ” Input number of men who dropped out: ”
AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10-DO)
Accept DO
AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10 – DO)
Output AC
End
Display “Additional Contribution =”, AC
End
Sequential structure
#4] Create a flowchart and a pseudocode
that would input an integer number and then
output its one’s digit or the right most digit.
Flowchart
Start
Pseudocode
Variables Used:
num,RDigit are numeric
RDigit = 0
Begin
RDigit = 0
Input num
Display ” Input an integer number: ”
Accept num
RDigit = num % 10
RDigit = num % 10
Display “It’s rightmost digit is ”, RDigit
Output RDigit
End
End
Laboratory Exercise: Sequential structure
#5] Using Visual Logic, Draw and execute a FCD
for Workers at a particular company were given a
15.5% salary increase. Moreover, the increase was
retroactive for 2 months, that is, effective two
months ago. Create a flowchart and a pseudocode
that takes the employee’s old salary as input and
then output the amount of retroactive pay
(balance) due the employee and his new salary as
well.
Sequential structure
#6] Create a flowchart and a pseudocode that
would input numeric values to A, B, C, D and
exchange their values such that A goes to B, B
goes to C, C goes to D, and D goes to A.
SELECTION
/CONDITIONAL
PROGRAM
STRUCTURE
For Flowchart, symbols used are the following:
Terminal symbol
I/O symbol
Preparation symbol
Direction lines
Decision symbol
For Pseudocode, keywords used are the
following:
1.) Accept
Syntax: Accept <variable>
Accept <variable1>, …, <variableN>
2.) Display
Syntax: Display “<string>”
Display <variable>
Display <variable1>, …, <variableN>
3.) if-then-else
Syntax #1: if <condition> then
begin
statements
.
.
.
end
else
begin
statements
.
.
.
end
Syntax #2: if <condition1> then
begin
statements
end
else if <condition2> then
begin
statements
end
else if <conditionN> then
begin
statements
end
else
begin
statements
end
Selection/Conditional Structure
#1] Create a flowchart and a
pseudocode that will prompt the
user to input two number and
output the highest number entered.
Flowchart
Start
Input N1, N2
If
N1 > N2
Y
Output N1
N
Output N2
A
End
A
Pseudocode
Variables Used:
N1, N2 are numeric
Begin
Display ” Input two numbers: ”
Accept N1, N2
if (N1 > N2) then
Display N1
else
Display N2
End
Selection/Conditional Structure
#2] Create a flowchart and a pseudocode that
would input an integer number and then indicate
whether the number is an even or an odd
number.
Flowchart
Start
Input num
If
num % 2 == 0
Y
N
Output “odd number”
A
End
Output “even number”
A
Pseudocode
Variable Used:
num is numeric
Begin
Display ” Input an integer number: ”
Accept num
if (num % 2 == 0) then
Display “ The number you’ve entered is an even number”
else
Display “ The number you’ve entered is an odd number”
End
Selection/Conditional Structure
#3] Juan dela Cruz Restaurant is offering a
20% discount to all customers whose last name
is also dela Cruz. Input the last name of the
customer and the total amount due to the
customer and then output the amount to be
paid.
Start
Flowchart
Input Lname, AmtDue
Y
If
Lname == “dela Cruz”
N
AmtPd = AmtDue - Amtdue*0.2
Output “You have a 20% discount”, AmtPd
AmtPd = Amtdue
A
Output “You don’t have a 20% discount”, AmtPd
A
End
Pseudocode
Variables Used:
Lname is string
AmtPd, AmtDue are numeric
Begin
Display ” Input customer’s last name and amount due: ”
Accept Lname, AmtDue
if (Lname == “dela Cruz”) then
begin
AmtPd = AmtDue – AmtDue *0.2
Display “ You are entitled to a 20% discount ”
Display “ Amount to be paid = ”, AmtPd
end
else
begin
AmtPd = AmtDue
Display “ You are not entitled to a 20% discount ”
Display “ Amount to be paid = ”, AmtPd
end
End
Selection/Conditional Structure
#4] Workers at Kookaburra Factory have a
regular working hours of 40 hours per week and
are paid Php 50.00 per hour. However, if the
workers rendered more than 40 hours per week,
the excess hours are paid 75% more. Create a
flowchart and a pseudocode that would input the
number of hours rendered by a worker in one
week and output his net salary.
Flowchart
Start
Input NHrs
If
NHrs > 40
N
Salary = NHrs *50
Y
Salary = 2000 + (NHrs – 40) * 87.50
A
Output Salary
End
A
Pseudocode
Variables Used:
NHrs, Salary
are numeric
Begin
Display ” Input number of hours worked: ”
Accept NHrs
if (NHrs > 40) then
Salary = 2000 + (NHrs – 40) * 87.50
else
Salary = NHrs * 50.00
Display “ Your salary = ”, Salary
End
#5] The fine for an over-speeding violation depends on the speed of the
erring driver, as follows:
60 to 75 mph = Php 2000.00
76 mph and above = Php 4000.00
Create a flowchart and a pseudocode to input the car’s speed and
then output the fine, if any.
#6] In the game of JACK N POY each of the two player choose either a
scissors (code X), paper (code P), or stone (code S). If one chooses scissors
and the other chooses stone then stone wins. If one chooses paper and the
other stone then paper wins. If one chooses paper and the other scissors
then scissors wins. If they both choose the same then the result is a tie.
Create a flowchart or a pseudocode that will input two character codes
corresponding to the object selected and then output either the message
“PLAYER 1 WINS” or “PLAYER 2 WINS”
#7] Bongga Ka Day Inc. gives additional performance bonuses to its
employees every year. The amount is dependent on the number of
years of service of the employee as follows:
Years of Service
Amount of Bonus
5 years and below
50% of monthly salary
6 years to 10 years
100% of monthly salary
11 years to 25 years
Php 30,000.00 or twice the
monthly salary, whichever is
higher.
ITERATIVE
PROGRAM
STRUCTURE
For Flowchart, symbols used are the following:
Terminal symbol
I/O symbol
Preparation symbol
Direction lines
Decision symbol
For Pseudo code, keywords used are the following:
1.) Accept
2.) Display
3.) if-then, if-then-else
4.) while-do
Syntax:
while <condition> do
begin
statements;
end
.
.
.
Iterative Program Structure
#1] Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will
generate the following number series:
10, 5, 9, 10, 8, 15, 7, 20, 6, and 25
Flowchart
Start
X = 10
Y=5
Output X, Y
X=X–1
Y=Y+5
If
X >= 6
N
End
Y
Pseudo code
Variables Used:
X, Y
are numeric
Begin
X = 10
Y=5
while (X >= 6) do
begin
Display X, Y
X=X–1
Y=Y+5
end
End
Iterative Program Structure
#2] Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will
generate the following number series:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55
Flowchart
Start
X=0
Y=1
Sum = 1
Output Sum
Sum = X + Y
X=Y
Y = Sum
If
Sum <= 55
N
End
Y
Pseudo code
Variables Used:
X, Y, Sum
are numeric
Begin
X=0
Y=1
Sum = 1
while (Sum <= 55) do
begin
Display Sum
Sum = X + Y
X=Y
Y = Sum
end
End
Iterative Program Structure
#3] Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will
generate the following number series:
1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, and 46
Flowchart
Start
X=1
Y=1
Output Y
Y=Y+X
X=X+1
If
Y <= 46
N
End
Y
Pseudo code
Variables Used:
X, Y
are numeric
Begin
X=1
Y=1
while (Y <= 46) do
begin
Display Y
Y=Y+X
X=X+1
end
End
Iterative Program Structure
#4] Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will
input five numbers and output how
many of the numbers entered are odd or
even.
Flowchart
A
Start
ctr = 1
ctre = 0
ctro = 0
ctr = ctr + 1
Y
B
If
ctr <= 5
Accept num
N
Y
If
num % 2 == 0
N
ctro = ctro + 1
A
Output ctro, ctre
ctre = ctre + 1
A
End
B
Pseudo code
Variables Used:
num, ctr, ctro, ctre
are numeric
Begin
ctr = 1
ctro = 0
ctre = 0
while (ctr <= 5) do
begin
Accept num
if (num % 2 == 0) then
ctre = ctre + 1
else
ctro = ctro + 1
ctr = ctr + 1
end
Display ctro, ctre
End
Iterative Program Structure
#5] Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will
input five numbers and output how many
of the numbers entered are positive or
negative.
Flowchart
A
Start
ctr = 1
ctrp = 0
ctrn = 0
ctr = ctr + 1
Y
B
If
ctr <= 5
Accept num
N
Y
If
num > 0
N
ctrn = ctrn + 1
A
Output ctrp, ctrn
ctrp = ctrp + 1
A
End
B
Pseudo code
Variables Used:
num, ctr, ctrp, ctrn
are numeric
Begin
ctr = 1
ctrp = 0
ctrn = 0
while (ctr <= 5) do
begin
Accept num
if (num > 0) then
ctrp = ctrp + 1
else
ctrn = ctrn + 1
ctr = ctr + 1
end
Display ctrp, ctrn
End
Iterative Program Structure
#6]
Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will input 10
alphabetic characters and output how many of the
characters entered were vowels and consonants.
Disregard characters that are not alphabetic.
#7]
Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will input 5
numbers and output the highest number entered.
#8]
Create a flowchart/pseudo code that will input 6
score for quizzes (0-100). Eliminate the lowest quiz
and compute and output the average of the five
remaining quizzes.